| Citation: |
Xiang-dong Liu, Zheng-jiang Ding, Ming-chun Song, Ming-ling Zhou, Shao-hui Xu, Zhen-liang Yang, Tian-ci Xie, Tao Cui, Ying-xin Song, Xue-kan Gao, Rui-xiang Li, Liang-liang Zhang, Qi-bin Zhang, Shan-shan Wang, Bin Wang, 2022. Geology and mineralization of the Dayin’gezhuang supergiant gold deposit (180 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review, China Geology, 5, 696-721. doi: 10.31035/cg2022058
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Geology and mineralization of the Dayin’gezhuang supergiant gold deposit (180 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review
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Abstract
The Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit is located in the central part of the Zhaoping Fault metallogenic belt in the Jiaodong gold province—the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area. It is a typical successful case of prospecting at a depth of 500‒2000 m in recent years, with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 180 t. The main orebodies (No. 1 and No. 2 orebody) generally have a pitch direction of NNE and a plunge direction of NEE. As the ore-controlling fault, the Zhaoping Fault is a shovel-shaped stepped fault, with its dip angle presenting stepped high-to-low transitions at the elevation of −2000‒0 m. The gold mineralization enrichment area is mainly distributed in the step parts where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently, forming a stepped metallogenic pattern from shallow to deep. It can be concluded from previous studies that the gold mineralization of the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit occurred at about 120 Ma. The ore-forming fluids were H2O-CO2-NaCl-type hydrothermal solutions with a medium-low temperature and medium-low salinity. The H-O isotopic characteristics indicate that the fluids in the early ore-forming stage were possibly magmatic water or mantle water and that meteoric water gradually entered the ore-forming fluids in the late ore-forming stage. The S and Pb isotopes indicate that the ore-forming materials mainly originate from the lower crust and contain a small quantity of mantle-derived components. The comprehensive analysis shows that the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit was formed by thermal uplifting-extensional tectonism. The strong crust-mantle interactions, large-scale magmatism, and the material exchange arising from the transformation from adakitic granites to arc granites and from the ancient lower crust to the juvenile lower crust during the Early Cretaceous provided abundant fluids and material sources for mineralization. Moreover, the detachment faults formed by the rapid magmatic uplift and the extensional tectonism created favorable temperature and pressure conditions and space for fluid accumulation and gold precipitation and mineralization.
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Xiang-dong Liu, Zheng-jiang Ding, Ming-chun Song, Ming-ling Zhou, Shao-hui Xu, Zhen-liang Yang, Tian-ci Xie, Tao Cui, Ying-xin Song, Xue-kan Gao, Rui-xiang Li, Liang-liang Zhang, Qi-bin Zhang, Shan-shan Wang, Bin Wang, 2022. Geology and mineralization of the Dayin’gezhuang supergiant gold deposit (180 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review, China Geology, 5, 696-721. doi: 10.31035/cg2022058
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Figure 1.
a‒Regional geological sketch map; b‒geological map of the Jiaodong gold province showing the distribution of gold deposits in terms of size (modified from Chough SK et al. 2010; Deng J et al. 2020a, 2020b; Song MC et al. 2020a). GJF‒Guocheng-Jimo Fault; HQF‒Haiyang-Qingdao Fault; HSF‒Haiyang-Shidao Fault; JJF‒Jiaojia Fault; MRF‒Muping-Rushan Fault; RCF‒Rongcheng Fault; SSDF‒Sanshandao Fault; TCF‒Taocun Fault; WHF‒Weihai Fault; WYF‒Wulian-Yantai Fault; XDF‒Xilin-Douya Fault; ZDF‒Zhuwu-Dianji Fault; ZPF‒Zhaoping Fault.
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Figure 2.
a‒Geological map of the Zhaoping gold belt; b‒geological map of the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit (modified from Liu XD, 2022).
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Figure 3.
Photographs (a‒e) and photomicrographs (f) of typical hydrothermal alteration in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit. a‒pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration; b‒K-feldspar alteration; c‒pyrite-sericite-quartz altered sample cut by calcite veins; d‒K-feldspar alteration sample; e‒pyrite veins cut silicified sample; f‒typical pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration. Pl‒plagioclase, Py‒pyrite, Qz‒quartz, Ser‒sericite.
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Figure 4.
Comprehensive schematic diagram of lithologic zoning of the hydrothermal alteration zones and fractured zones in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit.
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Figure 5.
Combined cross-sections of the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit.
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Figure 6.
a‒Vertical projection diagram; b‒horizontal projection diagram of the main orebodies in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit.
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Figure 7.
Main gold ore types in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit. a‒b‒disseminated and veinlet-stockwork pyrite-sericite-quartz alterated cataclastic rock type; c‒d‒veinlet-stockwork pyrite-sericite-quartz alterated granite cataclastic rock type; e‒f‒veinlet-stockwork K-feldspar and pyrite-sericite-quartz alterated alteration granite type. Kf‒K-feldspar; Py‒pyrite; Qz‒quartz; Ser‒sericite.
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Figure 8.
Photomicrographs (a‒d) and backscattered electron images (e, f) of typical gold ores in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit. Ccp‒chalcopyrite; Ele‒electrum; Gal‒galena; Gl‒native gold; Py‒pyrite, Qz‒quartz.
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Figure 9.
Paragenetic sequence of main minerals in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit (modified from Yang LQ et al., 2009; Chai P et al., 2019a, 2019b).
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Figure 10.
Photomicrographs of typical fluid inclusions in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit. a‒ aqueous type (H2O-NaCl) inclusions and pure carbonic type (CO2) inclusions; b‒aqueous type (H2O-NaCl) inclusions and aqueous-carbonic type (CO2-H2O-NaCl) inclusions; c‒aqueous type (H2O-NaCl) inclusions; d‒aqueous-carbonic type (CO2-H2O-NaCl) inclusions; e‒aqueous type (H2O-NaCl) inclusions; f‒aqueous-carbonic type (CO2-H2O-NaCl) inclusions.
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Figure 11.
Histograms of total homogenization temperatures (Th-TOT) and salinities of fluid inclusions in different stages.
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Figure 12.
Diagram showing the relationships between the fault dip angle and the mineralization enrichment areas of main orebodies along with the fault dip direction in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit (modified from Xie TC et al., 2022).
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Figure 13.
Three-dimensional distribution maps of the thickness × gold grade of main orebodies in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit (modified from Xie TC et al., 2022).
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Figure 14.
Plots of total homogenization temperature (Th-TOT) vs salinity of fluid inclusions from the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit. Data source: Chai P et al., 2019a, 2019b; Dai XL, 2012.
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Figure 15.
δD vs. δ18O diagram of ore-forming fluids in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit (base map from Sheppard SMF, 1996). References are given in Table 5. Fields for Mesozoic meteoric water of the Jiaodong Peninsula, Linglong and Guojialing primary magmatic water, and Jiaodong Group metamorphic water are from Zhang LG et al., 1994, 1995; Mao JW et al., 2005.
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Figure 16.
a‒Sulfur isotopic histogram in the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit; b‒comparison of sulfur isotopic compositions between Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit, Jiaodong Group, Jingshan Group, Mesozoic magmatic rocks, and intermediate-mafic dikes. Data source: Li ZL and Yang MZ, 1993; Mao JW et al., 2005; Hou ML et al., 2006; Dai XL, 2012; Zhang RZ et al., 2016; Yuan ZZ et al., 2019.
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Figure 17.
Lead isotopic compositions of the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit, shown on 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb (a) and 208Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb (b). Data source: Cai YC et al., 2013; Chen ZS et al., 1994; Guan K et al., 1997; Li ZL and Yang MZ, 1993; Liu XF et al., 2018; Ma L et al., 2014; Ma ZD, 1998; Mao JW et al., 2005; Tan J et al., 2012; Yang SW et al., 1986; Yuan ZZ et al., 2019.
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Figure 18.
A proposed cartoon illustrating the ore genesis of the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit.