Citation: | Wen-chang Li, Xiang-fei Zhang, Hai-jun Yu, Dong Tao, Xue-long Liu, 2022. Geology and mineralization of the Pulang supergiant porphyry copper deposit (5.11 Mt) in Shangri-la, Yunnan Province, China: A review, China Geology, 5, 662-695. doi: 10.31035/cg2022060 |
The porphyry copper belt in the Geza island arc in southwestern China is the only Indosinian porphyry copper metallogenic belt that has been discovered and evaluated so far. The Pulang porphyry copper deposit (also referred to as the Pulang deposit) in this area has proven copper reserves of 5.11×106 t. This deposit has been exploited on a large scale using advanced mining methods, exhibiting substantial economic benefit. Based on many research results of previous researchers and the authors’ team, this study proposed the following key insights. (1) The Geza island arc was once regarded as an immature island arc with only andesites and quartz diorite porphyrites occurring. This understanding was overturned in this study. Acidic endmember components such as quartz monzonite porphyries and quartz monzonite porphyries have been identified in the Geza island arc, and the mineralization is mainly related to the magmatism of quartz monzonite porphyries. (2) Complete porphyry orebodies and large vein orebodies have developed in the Pulang deposit. Main orebody KT1 occurs in the transition area between the potassium silicate alteration zone of quartz monzonite porphyries and the sericite-quartz alteration zone. Most of them have developed in the potassium silicate alteration zone. The main orebody occurs as large lenses at the top of the hanging wall of rock bodies, with an engineering-controlled length of 1920 m and thickness of 32.5‒630.29 m (average: 187.07 m). It has a copper grade of 0.21%‒1.56% (average: 0.42%) and proven copper resources of 5.11×106 t, which are associated with 113 t of gold, 1459 t of silver, and 170×103 t of molybdenum. (3) Many studies on diagenetic and metallogenic chronology, isotopes, and fluid inclusions have been carried out for the Pulang deposit, including K-Ar/Ar-Ar dating of monominerals (e.g., potassium feldspars, biotites, and amphiboles), zircon U-Pb dating, and molybdenite Re-Os dating. The results show that the porphyries in the Pulang deposit are composite plutons and can be classified into pre-mineralization quartz diorite porphyrites, quartz monzonite porphyries formed during the mineralization, and post-mineralization granite porphyries, which were formed at 223±3.7 Ma, 218±4 Ma, and 207±3.9 Ma, respectively. The metallogenic age of the Pulang deposit is 213‒216 Ma. (4) The petrogeochemical characteristics show that the Pulang deposit has the characteristics of volcanic arc granites. The calculation results of trace element contents in zircons show that quartz monzonite porphyries and granite porphyries have higher oxygen fugacity. The isotopic tracing results show that the diagenetic and metallogenic materials were derived from mixed crust- and mantle-derived magmas.
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Distribution of intrusions and deposits in the Geza island arc (after Zhang XF et al., 2017, 2022). a‒the Yidun terrane in China; b‒simplified geological map of Yidun terrane; c‒simplified geological map of Geza arc.
TAS diagram of intrusions related to mineralization (a), SiO2-K2O diagram (b), chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns (c), and the spider diagram of primitive mantle-normalized trace elements (d) of the Geza island arc.
Geological map of the Pulang copper mining area in Shangri-La (a) and the section of No. 4 exploration line (b). 1‒Quaternary; 2‒second member of the Tumugou Formation; 3‒first member of the Tumugou Formation; 4‒quartz diorite porphyrite; 5‒monzonite diorite porphyrite; 6‒quartz monzonite porphyry; 7‒granodiorite porphyry; 8‒hornstone; 9‒orebody and its number; 10‒propylitic alteration zone; 11‒sericite‒quartz alteration zone; 12‒silicified and potassic alteration zone; 13‒stratigraphic boundary; 14‒inferred statigraphic boundary; 15‒boundary of the sericite‒quartz alteration zone; 16‒boundary of the silicified and potassic alteration zone; 17‒fault; 18‒rock body number.
Quartz monzonite porphyry and quartz diorite porphyrite in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit.
Microscopic characteristics of quartz monzonite porphyries in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit. a‒epidote alteration, chlorite alteration, and sericite alteration in the center of plagioclases; b‒epidote alteration and chlorite alteration in mineralized quartz monzonite porphyries; c‒plagioclases metasomatized by spotted epidotes and sericites; d‒agillized potassium feldspar phenocrysts and epidotized plagioclase phenocrysts; e‒plagioclase phenocrysts were replaced by muscovites and present a metasomatic pseudomorph; f‒strongly argillized plagioclase phenocryst and clayized matrix in quartz monzonite porphyries. Ser‒sericite; Qz‒quartz; Pl‒plagioclase; Ep‒epidote; Chl‒chlorite; Bi‒biotite; Kfs‒potash feldspar; Mu‒muscovite; Cly‒clay; Or‒orthoclase.
Microscopic characteristics of quartz diorite porphyrites in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit.
Microscopic characteristics of quartz monzonite porphyries in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit. a‒graphic shape caused by the metasomatic replacement of plagioclase phenocrysts by quartz in quartz monzonite porphyries; b‒quartz sulfide-bearing epidote veins in quartz monzonite porphyries. Qz‒quartz; Pl‒plagioclase; Ep‒epidote.
Distribution of porphyry alteration zones in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit.
Distribution of porphyry alteration zones in the section along the No. 4 exploration line in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit (after Li WC et al., 2010).
Geological map of the main orebodies of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit (a) and section of exploration line No. 3 (b)1.
Section of vertical exploration line No. 1 of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit1. 1‒Quaternary elluvium-proluvium; 2‒quartz diorite porphyrite; 3‒quartz monzonite porphyry; 4‒hornstone; 5‒propylitic alteration zone; 6‒sericite-quartz alteration zone; 7‒silicified and potassic alteration zone; 8‒orebody KT1 and its number; 9‒orebody thickness and average grade; 10‒borehole and its number.
Variations in the average copper grade (a) and copper metal content (b) in the thickness (vertical) direction under the conditions of different cut-off grades of the orebody KT1 in the Pulang copper deposit.
Mineralization characteristics of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit. a‒large veined copper orebody in the adit; b‒contact relationship between the malachitized quartz diorite porphyrite copper ore ① and the quartz monzonite porphyry copper ore ②; c‒hornfels copper ore.
Microscopic textural characteristics of copper ores in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit.
Structural characteristics of copper ores in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit. a‒disseminated copper ore; b‒veined copper ore; c‒veinlet copper ore; d‒veinlet copper ore; e‒veinlet-disseminated copper ore; f‒veinlet-disseminated copper-molybdenum ore.
The Cu, Au, and Ag contents in the main orebody KT1 in the Pulang deposit, Yunnan Province.
Diagram of the formation sequence of main minerals in the Pulang porphyry copper deposit (after Yu HJ, 2018).
Oxygen fugacity of porphyry magma of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit (after Trail D et al., 2011; Yang Z et al., 2021). MH‒magnetite-hematite buffer line; FMQ‒fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer line; IW‒iron-wustite buffer line; NNO‒nickel-nickel oxide buffer line.
δDV-SMOW-δ18OH2O isotopic plot of fluid inclusions in Gezan arc (modified from Li WC et al., 2013; Yang Z et al., 2021; Zhang XF et al., 2021a, 2021b).
Distribution of sulfur isotope composition of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit (after Wang SX et al., 2007; Du YS, 2007; Liu XL, 2013).
Pb isotope-based tectonic environment discrimination diagrams. LC‒lower crust; UC‒upper crust; OIV‒oceanic island volcanic rock; OR‒orogenic belt; A, B, C, and D are the sample-concentrating areas (data sources: Du YS et al., 2007; Liu XL et al., 2013; Zhang CZ, 2020).
εSr(t)-εNd(t) diagram of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit. DM‒depleted mantle; MORB‒mid-oceanic ridge basalts; EM Ⅰ‒enriched mantle Ⅰ; EMⅡ‒enriched mantle Ⅱ.
Metallogenic model diagram of the Pulang porphyry copper deposit. 1‒Tumugou Formation; 2‒Qugasi Formation; 3‒quartz monzonite porphyry; 4‒quartz diorite porphyrite; 5‒propylitic alteration zone; 6‒sericite‒quartz alteration zone; 7‒silicified and potassic alteration zone; 8‒silicified nucleus; 9‒hornstone‒skarn alteration; 10‒sandstone slate; 11‒limestone; 12‒intermediate volcanic rock; 13‒mafic volcanic rock; 14‒argillic alteration; 15‒skarn orebody; 16‒veined orebody; 17‒porphyry reticular orebody; 18‒intrusion boundary/lithology and lithofacies boundary; 19‒alteration zone boundary; 20‒boundary of mineralization type; 21‒rise direction of late magmatic intrusion and gas and fluid; 22‒mixed hydrothermal solution; 23‒Indosinian intrusion; 24‒Yanshanian intrusion.