| Citation: |
Zi-zheng Guo, Xin-yong Zhou, Da Huang, Shi-jie Zhai, Bi-xia Tian, Guang-ming Li, 2024. Dynamic simulation insights into friction weakening effect on rapid long-runout landslides: A case study of the Yigong landslide in the Tibetan Plateau, China, China Geology, 7, 222-236. doi: 10.31035/cg2023132
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Dynamic simulation insights into friction weakening effect on rapid long-runout landslides: A case study of the Yigong landslide in the Tibetan Plateau, China
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Abstract
This study proposed a novel friction law dependent on velocity, displacement and normal stress for kinematic analysis of runout process of rapid landslides. The well-known Yigong landslide occurring in the Tibetan Plateau of China was employed as the case, and the derived dynamic friction formula was included into the numerical simulation based on Particle Flow Code. Results showed that the friction decreased quickly from 0.64 (the peak) to 0.1 (the stead value) during the 5s-period after the sliding initiation, which explained the behavior of rapid movement of the landslide. The monitored balls set at different sections of the mass showed similar variation characteristics regarding the velocity, namely evident increase at the initial phase of the movement, followed by a fluctuation phase and then a stopping one. The peak velocity was more than 100 m/s and most particles had low velocities at 300s after the landslide initiation. The spreading distance of the landslide was calculated at the two-dimension (profile) and three-dimension scale, respectively. Compared with the simulation result without considering friction weakening effect, our results indicated a max distance of about 10 km from the initial unstable position, which fit better with the actual situation.
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References
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Zi-zheng Guo, Xin-yong Zhou, Da Huang, Shi-jie Zhai, Bi-xia Tian, Guang-ming Li, 2024. Dynamic simulation insights into friction weakening effect on rapid long-runout landslides: A case study of the Yigong landslide in the Tibetan Plateau, China, China Geology, 7, 222-236. doi: 10.31035/cg2023132
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Figure 1.
(a) Location of the Yigong landslide, with the 30-m DEM showing the topography around the landslide, and (b) different sections of the Yigong landslide, with the contour and remote sensing image as the base map.
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Figure 2.
Profile of the Yigong landslide showing the dynamic process of the ground surface and engineering geology characteristics.
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Figure 3.
Geomorphology characteristics of the Yigong landslide: (a) overview of the Zhamunong gully and the Yigong landslide (modified from the images taken on 30 April 2006, from Google Earth), (b) the source area covered by snow and ice at the top of the gully (modified from Delaney KB and Evans SG, 2015), (c) the flow area, and (d) the accumulation area where the landslide dam happened (modified from Zhang M and Yin Y, 2013).
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Figure 4.
Dynamic change schematic of friction in the landslides (modified from Zhang H et al. (2023))
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Figure 5.
(a) 3D fitting plot showing the relationship among V, σ and μss of the Yigong landslide; (b) 3D fitting plot showing the relationship among V, σ and Dc of the Yigong landslide.
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Figure 6.
3D geological model for the Yigong landslide built in PFC3D software.
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Figure 7.
(a) Simulation results from PFC2D for the Yigong landslide considering friction weakening effect at different moments, where the yellow circles show the four monitored balls #1~#4. (b) The velocity (m/s) simulation results from PFC2D for the Yigong landslide considering friction weakening effect at different moments.
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Figure 8.
3D simulation results of the Yigong landslide, where the red line shows the boundary of the landslide deposit: (a) the positions of the particles when the simulation stopped, (b) the point density, and (c) the depth of the deposits.
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Figure 9.
Variation characteristics of velocity versus time of the four monitored balls: (a) Ball #1, (b) Ball #2, (c) Ball #3, (d) Ball #4.
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Figure 10.
Variation characteristics of displacement and normal stress versus time of the four monitored balls: (a) Ball #1, (b) Ball #2, (c) Ball #3, (d) Ball #4.
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Figure 11.
(a) Values of the dynamic friction coefficient of the four monitored balls during 5 s after the landslide initiation; (b) average friction coefficient of all particles during 5 s after the landslide initiation.
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Figure 12.
Numerical simulation results under different scenarios of friction coefficient.