| Citation: |
Shu-yu Wu, Jun Liu, Jian-wen Chen, Qi-liang Sun, Yin-guo Zhang, Jie Liang, Yong-cai Feng, 2025. Carboniferous-Early Permian heterogeneous distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs in the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin and its hydrocarbon potential analysis, China Geology, 8, 58-76. doi: 10.31035/cg2023059
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Carboniferous-Early Permian heterogeneous distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs in the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin and its hydrocarbon potential analysis
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Abstract
Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine carbonate rocks are crucial hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Central Uplift area of the South Yellow Sea Basin (SYSB). Due to the scarcity of boreholes and the significant heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs, the distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs and their related key controlling factors remain unclear. In this study, factors affecting the distribution of porous Carboniferous-Early Permian carbonate reservoirs in the SYSB were investigated through seismic inversion and isotope analysis. The log-seismic characteristics of porous carbonate reservoirs, sensitive lithology parameters, and physical property parameters were extracted and analyzed. The pre-stack simultaneous inversion technique was applied to predict the lithology and physical properties of porous carbonate reservoirs. Moreover, the sedimentary of carbonate was analyzed using isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and strontium. The results show that porous carbonate reservoirs are mainly developed in the open platform sediments with porosities of 3%–5% and are mainly distributed in the paleo-highland (Huanglong Formation and Chuanshan Formation) and the slope of paleo-highland (Hezhou Formation). The porous carbonate reservoirs of the Qixia Formation are only locally developed. In addition, the negative δ13C excursions indicate a warm and humid tropical climate with three sea-level fluctuations in the study area from the Carboniferous to Early Permian. The favorable conditions for developing porous carbonate rocks include the sedimentary environment and diagenetic process. The primary pore tends to form in high-energy environments of the paleo-highland, and the secondary pore is increased by dissolution during the syngenetic or quasi-syngenetic period. According to the hydrocarbon potential analysis, the Late Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Gaojiabian Formation are the source rocks in the high-maturity-over-maturity stage, the Carboniferous-Lower Permian carbonate is the good reservoirs, and the Late Permian Longtan-Dalong Formation is the stable seal, ensuring a huge hydrocarbon accumulation potential in SYSB. The methods proposed in this study can be applied to other carbonate-dominated strata worldwide.
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Keywords:
- Sedimentary /
- Heterogeneous porous carbonate reservoirs /
- C-H-Sr isotope analysis /
- Carboniferous-Early Permian /
- Chuanshan Formation /
- Huanglong Formation /
- Pre-stack simultaneous inversion technique /
- Oil-gas exploration engineering /
- Hydrocarbon accumulation /
- Hydrocarbon potential /
- Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin
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Shu-yu Wu, Jun Liu, Jian-wen Chen, Qi-liang Sun, Yin-guo Zhang, Jie Liang, Yong-cai Feng, 2025. Carboniferous-Early Permian heterogeneous distribution of porous carbonate reservoirs in the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin and its hydrocarbon potential analysis, China Geology, 8, 58-76. doi: 10.31035/cg2023059
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Figure 1.
Maps showing. a–Geographical location and tectonic map of the Yangtze block, South China (modified from Chen JW et al., 2020); b–geographical location and tectonic map of the SYSB (modified from Sheng QH et al., 2016); c–stratigraphic column shows the Carboniferous- Lower Permian; d–sedimentary facies of Upper Carboniferous Formation.
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Figure 2.
Lithologic column and different types of pores in the Lower Permian-Carboniferous strata. a–Lithologic column and logging curve of the borehole CSDP-2. Arrows indicate the sample points. b–bioclastic micritic limestone, shuttle alga fossil at 1730.4 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); c–bioclastic micritic limestone, sparry calcite partially filled in the karst cave at 1730.4 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); d–micrite limestone, sparry calcite partially filled in the karst cave at 1746.35 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); e–bioclastic limestone, intergranular dissolution pores at 1746.35 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); f–bioclastic micritic limestone, clay rocks filled in the fracture, clostridium fossils at 1749.18 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); g–bioclastic micritic limestone, structural fracture developed, sparry calcite in raw debris at 1749.18 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); h–bioclastic micritic limestone, sparry calcite in bioclasts, the large grain size of raw debris, karst cave developed and partially filled with sparry calcite at 1777.83 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); i–bioclastic micritic limestone, fracture developed at 1802.3 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); j–bioclastic micritic limestone, fractures filled with calcite, visible argillaceous bands at 1802.3 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); k–bioclastic micritic limestone, fracture developed, bioclastic coelom pores filled with sparry calcite at 1810.85 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); l–oolitic limestone, sparite calcite filled in the pores with dark orange light at 1810.85 m of Chuanshan Formation (single polarized light); m–endoclastic micritic limestone, fracture developed at 1822.7 m of Huanglong Formation (single polarized light); n–endoclastic micritic limestone, fracture partially filled with argillaceous material, micritic calcite as main interstitial material, dissolution pores developed at 1822.7 m of Huanglong Formation (single polarized light); o–micrite limestone, multiple fractures developed, filled with calcite and mud at 1854 m of Huanglong Formation, (single polarized light); p–micrite limestone, developed crinoids and foraminifera fossil and dissolved pore at 1854 m of Huanglong Formation (orthographic photograph); q–bioclastic micritic limestone, fracture developed and filled with sparry calcite at 1863.7 m of Huanglong Formation (single polarized light); r–bioclastic micritic limestone, suture lines developed, partially filled with mud at 1863.7 m of Huanglong Formation (single polarized light); s–micrite limestone, dissolution pores developed, cathode luminescence at 1881.75 m of Huanglong Formation; t–bioclastic sparry limestone, bioclastic rich and fracture developed, fracture partially filled with sparry calcite and mud at 1901.85 m of Huanglong Formation (single polarized light); u–bioclastic micritic limestone, suture lines developed, biodetritus and sutures cut by late structural fractures at 1962.38 m of Hezhou Formation (single polarized light).
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Figure 3.
Log characteristic and seismic reflection of bioclastic limestone in well CZ12-1-1
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Figure 4.
a–P-wave velocities from CSDP-2 well logs and petrophysical parameter test, and S-wave velocities from petrophysical parameter tests; b–Analysis of lithology sensitive parameters in the borehole CSDP-2.
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Figure 5.
Property sensitive parameters from borehole CSDP-2. a–Intersection of Lamet constant and passion ratio; b– intersection of P-wave impedance and bulk modulus; c–intersection of P-wave velocity and shear modulus; d–intersection of shear modulus×density (µρ) and lamet×density (λρ); e–intersection of lamet×density (λρ) and porosity of bioclastic limestone of the Carboniferous-Early Permian Formation.
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Figure 6.
Carboniferous-Early Permian porous carbonate reservoirs prediction. a–P-wave impedance profile showing the lithologic distribution; b–λρ profile showing the physical properties; c–physical characteristics of Carboniferous-Lower Chuanshan Formation; d–porosity profile; e–oil traces in the grey-brown bioclastic limestone at a depth of 1765.18 m of borehole CSDP-2; f–oil trace in the dark grey bioclastic limestone at a depth of 1779.18 m of borehole CSDP-2; g–oil immersion in the grey-black bioclastic limestone; h–oil traces in the grey-black micritic limestone at a depth of 1821.48 m of borehole CSDP-2.
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Figure 7.
Intersection of δ18O and δ13C in the Carboniferous-Early Permian Formation from borehole CSDP-2
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Figure 8.
Carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope compositions of the Carboniferous-Early Permian Formation
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Figure 9.
Intersection of carbonate versus paleosalinity of the Carboniferous-Early Permian Formation
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Figure 10.
Evolution of Carboniferous-Early Permian sedimentary
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Figure 11.
Hydrocarbon migration path and accumulation model