| Citation: |
Bo Zhang, Fan-yu Qi, Xue-zheng Gao, Xiao-lei Li, Yun-tao Shang, Zhao-yu Kong, Li-qiong Jia, Jie Meng, Hui Guo, Fu-kang Fang, Yan-bin Liu, Xiao Jiang, Hui Chai, Zi Liu, Xian-tao Ye, Guo-dong Wang, 2022. Geological characteristics, metallogenic regularity, and research progress of lithium deposits in China, China Geology, 5, 734-767. doi: 10.31035/cg2022054
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Geological characteristics, metallogenic regularity, and research progress of lithium deposits in China
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Abstract
China is rich in abundant lithium resources characterized by considerable reserves and a concentrated distribution of metallogenic zones or belts, with proven reserves of 4046.8×103 t (calculated based on Li2O) by 2021. China is also a big consumer of lithium. By 2019, China’s lithium consumption in the battery sector alone had reached 99×103 t, with an average annual growth rate of nearly 26%. China has become the world’s largest importer of lithium resources, showing a severely unbalanced relationship between supply and demand for lithium resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the prospecting, exploitation, and study of lithium resources in China. This study collected, organized, and summarized the data on the major lithium deposits in China, analyzed and compared the spatial-temporal distribution patterns, geological characteristics, and metallogenic regularity of these lithium deposits, and summarized the prospecting and research achievements over the last decade. The major lithium deposits in China are distributed in provinces and regions such as Qinghai, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Xinjiang. These deposits are mostly small in scale. According to different genetic types, this study divided lithium deposits into granitic pegmatite type, granite type, saline lake brine type, underground brine type, and sedimentary type, as well as new types including hot spring type and magmatic-hydrothermal type, and summarized the characteristics and key metallogenic factors of these different types of deposits. Sixteen metallogenic prospect areas of lithium deposits were delineated according to the deposit types and the distribution patterns of metallogenic belts. The paper introduced the research progress in major metallogenic models and lithium extraction techniques made over the past decade. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the prospecting potential of lithium deposits, the authors concluded that the future prospecting of lithium resources in China should focus on lithium metallogenic belts, the deep and peripheral areas of currently determined large-scale pegmatite-type lithium deposits, geophysical-geochemical anomalous areas with mineralization clues, and areas with developed large-scale low-grade associated granite-type and sedimentary lithium resources. The study aims to serve as a guide for the future prospecting of lithium deposits in China.
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Keywords:
- Lithium deposit /
- Deposit type /
- Metallogenic age /
- Metallogenic regularity /
- Metallogenic belt /
- Mineral exploration /
- China
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Bo Zhang, Fan-yu Qi, Xue-zheng Gao, Xiao-lei Li, Yun-tao Shang, Zhao-yu Kong, Li-qiong Jia, Jie Meng, Hui Guo, Fu-kang Fang, Yan-bin Liu, Xiao Jiang, Hui Chai, Zi Liu, Xian-tao Ye, Guo-dong Wang, 2022. Geological characteristics, metallogenic regularity, and research progress of lithium deposits in China, China Geology, 5, 734-767. doi: 10.31035/cg2022054
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Figure 1.
Distribution sketch of lithium deposits in China (the base map after Li YC et al., 2018).
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Figure 2.
Stereogram of Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite vein (after Zou TR and Li QC, 2006). 1–fine-grained pegmatite belt; 2–graphic-graphic pegmatite belt; 3–saccharoidal albite belt; 4–blocky microcline belt; 5–muscovite quartz belt; 6–clevelandite spodumene belt; 7–quartz-spodumene belt; 8–muscovite-lamelliform albite belt; 9–lepidolite-lamelliform albite belt; 10–blocky microcline belt in the core; 11–blocky quartz belt in the core; 12–geological boundary; 13–contour.
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Figure 3.
Geological sketch of the Jiajika rare metal orefield (modified from Yu CL et al., 2010). 1– Quaternary; 2–upper Triassic carbonaceous clay-bearing siltstones and siltstones; 3–upper Triassic clay-bearing siltstones, carbonaceous clayey siltstones, siltstones, and silty claystones; 4–upper Triassic carbonaceous clay-bearing siltstones and siltstones interbedded with carbonaceous silty claystones; 5–upper Triassic carbonaceous silty claystones; 6–upper Triassic clay-bearing siltstones interbedded with clayey siltstones; 7–upper Triassic tuffaceous calcareous siltstones and fine-grained sandstones; 8–two-mica granites; 9–granitic pegmatite vein; 10–fault; 11–ore body and its number; 12–type-based zoning and number; I–microcline pegmatite belt; II–microcline-albite pegmatite belt; III–albite pegmatite belt; IV–spodumene pegmatite belt; V–lepidolite (muscovite) pegmatite belt.
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Figure 4.
Geological sketch (a) and exploration line section (b) of Yashan Mine No. 414, Yichun, Jiangxi (modified from Wu ZH et al., 2021). 1–fertile ore body; 2–lean ore body; 3–grade-ii lean ore body; 4–strongly albitized granite; 5–moderately albitized granite; 6–weakly albitized granite; 7–medium-grained two-mica granite; 8–medium- and coarse-grained biotite granite; 9–fine-grained muscovite granite; 10–albitized granite vein; 11–granitic porphyry vein; 12–pegmatitoides; 13– Sinian epimetamorphic rocks; 14–boundary of strongly albitized granites; 15–boundary of moderately albitized granites; 16–boundary of weakly albitized granites; 17–fault; 18–anticlinal hinge.
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Figure 5.
Geological sketch of Zhengchong lithium-bearing rare metal deposit in Daoxian County, Hunan Province (after Chen HQ et al., 1985). 1–Yanshanian biotite-granite porphyry; 2–Yanshanian fine-grained biotite granite; 3–Yanshanian coarse-medium-grained porphyritic biotite granite; 4–Yanshanian monzonite; 5–greisen; 6–geological boundary; 7–fault; 8–silicified fracture zone; 9–vein.
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Figure 6.
Geological sketch of the Zigong area (after Chen XW et al., 2016). 1–Quaternary; 2–Middle Cretaceous Sanhe Formation; 3–Lower Cretaceous Wotou Formation; 4–Upper Jurassic Penglaizhen Formation; 5–Upper Jurassic Suining Formation; 6–Middle Jurassic upper Shaximiao Formation; 7–Middle Jurassic lower Shaximiao Formation; 8–Middle Jurassic Xintiangou Formation; 9–Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation; 10–Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation; 11–Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation; 12–fault.
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Figure 7.
Model showing the potassium formation in a rift basin (after Liu CL et al., 2013). 1–halite; 2–sylvite; 3–glutenite; 4–silty sand; 5–basalt; 6–deeply circulating brine; 7–formation water in strata upwelling owing to driving force; 8–hydrothermal fluid from magmatic differentiation; 9–surface brine spring; 10– alluvium-diluvium.
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Figure 8.
Metallogenic model of multi-order middle-shallow salt lakes in Zabuye (after Zheng MP et al., 2016). 1–saline alkali and borax; 2–carbonate brine type; 3–magnesium borate; 4–carbonate clay; 5–sandbar; 6–granite; 7–Upper Carboniferous; 8–Lower Permian; 9–Jurassic; 10–Lower Cretaceous; 11–Upper Pleistocene; 12–Lower Holocene; 13–Upper Holocene; 14–sodium sulfate brine subtype; 15–tufa; 16–deep water; 17–saltness (%); 18–terrace and number.
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Figure 9.
Genetic model of a sylvite deposit in the Qarhan Salt Lake (after Zheng MP et al., 2016). 1–granitic gneiss; 2–bedrock-granite; 3–halite; 4–silt and silty sand; 5–sylvite; 6–reverse fault; 7–water of calcium chloride type; 8–water of magnesium sulfate subtype; 9–water of low magnesium sulfate subtype; 10–Hercynian granite; 11–Proterozoic metamorphic rock; 12–Tertiary; 13–Quaternary; 14–potassium recharge; 15–ascending spring; 16–natural flow direction of the water.
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Figure 10.
Metallogenic environment map of bauxite deposits in the Wuchuan-Zheng’an-Daozhen area (after Jin ZG et al., 2018). a–early sedimentary facies of P1d1; b–middle-late sedimentary facies of P1d1, and the sedimentary facies of P1d2.
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Figure 11.
Metallogenic age distribution of lithium deposits in China.
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Figure 12.
Metallogenic model of hard rock lithium deposits (after Černý P, 1991).
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Figure 13.
Metallogenic model of saline lake brine-type lithium deposits in a closed basin (after Bradley D and McCauley A, 2013; Munk LA et al., 2016).
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Figure 14.
Maps showing the geological-geochemical metallogenic models of bauxite deposits in the Wuchuan-Zheng’an-Daozhen area (after Jin ZG et al., 2018). a‒basement rocks were weathered, denuded, transported, and deposited under the regional uplift and formed hugely-thick sediments of the Eopaleozoic strata, thus providing a material basis for the later formation of lithium-rich bauxites; b‒lithium-rich argillaceous shales suffered weathering and denudation, forming initial bauxite sources dominated by kaolinites; c‒in the late stage of bauxite formation, lithium was absorbed by clay and bauxite minerals with large surface areas and was enriched, forming the industrial lithium-rich bauxite ore bodies with a large scale and high quality. These ore bodies were preserved under the compression of the overlying sedimentary strata formed later; d‒the lithium-rich bauxite ore bodies occur as the present morphology after undergoing tectonic movements, weathering, and denudation.
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Figure 15.
Division Sketch of metallogenic belts of the lithium deposits in China (the base map after Xu ZG et al., 2008).
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Figure 16.
Schematic diagram of the “Five levels + Basement” metallogenic model in Jiajika, Sichuan (after Wang DH et al., 2017). The basement mainly refers to stratiform and stratoid orebodies; this diagram has inconsistent horizontal and vertical scales and is just a schematic diagram. I‒microcline pegmatite belt; II‒microcline-albite belt; III‒ albite belt; IV‒spodumene belt; V‒lepidolite (muscovite) belt.
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Figure 17.
The “high mountain - deep basin” metallogenic mode of multi-stage lake basins (after Zheng MP et al., 2016).