| Citation: |
Kun Liu, Xin Luo, Jiu Jimmy Jiao, Ji-dong Gu, Ramon Aravena, 2021. Gene abundances of AOA, AOB, and anammox controlled by groundwater chemistry of the Pearl River Delta, China, China Geology, 4, 463-475. doi: 10.31035/cg2021054
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Gene abundances of AOA, AOB, and anammox controlled by groundwater chemistry of the Pearl River Delta, China
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Abstract
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and anaerobic ammonia-oxidation (anammox) bacteria are very important contributors to nitrogen cycling in natural environments. Functional gene abundances of these microbes were believed to be well relevant to N-cycling in groundwater systems, especially in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) groundwater with unique high intrinsic ammonia concentrations. In this research, 20 sediment samples from two in the PRD were collected for porewater chemistry analysis and quantification of N-cycling related genes, including archaeal and bacterial amoA gene and anammox 16S ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid (rRNA) gene. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) results showed that gene abundances of AOA, AOB, and anammox bacteria ranged from 3.13×105 to 3.21×107, 1.83×104 to 2.74×106, and 9.27×104 to 8.96×106 copies/g in the sediment of the groundwater system, respectively. Anammox bacteria and AOA dominated in aquitards and aquifers, respectively, meanwhile, the aquitard-aquifer interfaces were demonstrated as ammonium-oxidizing hotspots in the aspect of gene numbers. Gene abundances of nitrifiers were analyzed with geochemistry profiles. Correlations between gene numbers and environmental variables indicated that the gene abundances were impacted by hydrogeological conditions, and microbial-derived ammonium loss was dominated by AOA in the northwest PRD and by anammox bacteria in the southeast PRD.
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References
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Kun Liu, Xin Luo, Jiu Jimmy Jiao, Ji-dong Gu, Ramon Aravena, 2021. Gene abundances of AOA, AOB, and anammox controlled by groundwater chemistry of the Pearl River Delta, China, China Geology, 4, 463-475. doi: 10.31035/cg2021054
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Figure 1.
a‒Location of Pearl River Delta plain and estuary; b‒research section in the PRD; c‒simplified geological profile along section HJ1-MZ4P9. Lithological descriptions of BJP8 and MZ4P9 were based on this study, while borehole HJ1 and DL1 were based on Zong Y et al. (2009a).
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Figure 2.
Concentrations of environmental variables along with depth in porewater and sediment samples for qPCR experiments in Beijiao (a) and Minzhong (b). Concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, δ15N-NH4, pH, TDS, and bicarbonate were analyzed using porewater extracted from sediment samples, while TN and TOC content was determined using sediment bulk samples.
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Figure 3.
Gene abundances of archaeal amoA, bacterial amoA, and anammox bacterial 16S rRNA in sediment samples of Beijiao (a) and Minzhong (b). Red circles represented archaeal amoA (AOA); green triangles represented bacterial amoA (AOB); blue diamonds were for anammox bacterial 16S rRNA (Anammox). Mean values and standard deviations were calculated from triplicate assay within a single qPCR setup. OSL ages were obtained from the OSL dating experiment in this study, while one 14C age was from a government report previously published (GHT,1981).