| Citation: |
Kai Zhao, Jing-xian Qi, Yi Chen, Bai-heng Ma, Li Yi, Hua-ming Guo, Xin-zhou Wang, Lin-ying Wang, Hai-tao Li, 2021. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and pore-water and the paleoenvironmental evolution in the past 3.10 Ma in the Xiong’an New Area, North China, China Geology, 4, 476-486. doi: 10.31035/cg2021058
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Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and pore-water and the paleoenvironmental evolution in the past 3.10 Ma in the Xiong’an New Area, North China
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Abstract
The groundwater level has been continuously decreasing due to climate change and long-time overexploitation in the Xiong ’an New Area, North China, which caused the enhanced mixing of groundwater in different aquifers and significant changes in regional groundwater chemistry characteristics. In this study, groundwater and sediment pore-water in drilling cores obtained from a 600 m borehole were investigated to evaluate hydrogeochemical processes in shallow and deep aquifers and paleo-environmental evolution in the past ca. 3.10 Ma. Results showed that there was no obvious change overall in chemical composition along the direction of groundwater runoff, but different hydrochemical processes occurred in shallow and deep groundwater in the vertical direction. Shallow groundwater (< 150 m) in the Xiong ’an New Area was characterized by high salinity (TDS > 1000 mg/L) and high concentrations of Mn and Fe, while deep groundwater had better water quality with lower salinity. The high TDS values mostly occurred in aquifers with depth < 70 m and >500 m below land surface. Water isotopes showed that aquifer pore-water mostly originated from meteoric water under the influence of evaporation, and aquitard pore-water belonged to Paleo meteoric water. In addition, the evolution of the paleoclimate since 3.10 Ma BP was reconstructed, and four climate periods were determined by the δ18O profiles of pore-water and sporopollen records from sediments at different depths. It can be inferred that the Quaternary Pleistocene (0.78‒2.58 Ma BP) was dominated by the cold and dry climate of the glacial period, with three interglacial intervals of warm and humid climate. What’s more, this study demonstrates the possibilities of the applications of pore-water on the hydrogeochemical study and further supports the finding that pore-water could retain the feature of paleo-sedimentary water.
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Kai Zhao, Jing-xian Qi, Yi Chen, Bai-heng Ma, Li Yi, Hua-ming Guo, Xin-zhou Wang, Lin-ying Wang, Hai-tao Li, 2021. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and pore-water and the paleoenvironmental evolution in the past 3.10 Ma in the Xiong’an New Area, North China, China Geology, 4, 476-486. doi: 10.31035/cg2021058
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Figure 1.
Sampling locations and the borehole used to sample pore-water in the Xiong’an New Area, North China.
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Figure 2.
Stiff plots of groundwater in the Xiong’an New Area, North China. 1 shallow‒shallow groundwater in Zone 1; 2 shallow‒shallow groundwater in Zone 2; 1 deep‒deep groundwater in Zone 1; 2 deep‒deep groundwater in Zone 2.
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Figure 3.
Box-whisker plots of major ions in shallow and deep groundwater in Zone 1 and depth-dependent concentrations of major components of pore-water in the Xiong’an New Area, North China.
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Figure 4.
Piper plots of groundwater (a) and pore-water (b) in the Xiong’an New Area, North China.
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Figure 5.
Gibbs plots of groundwater (a) and pore-water (b) in the Xiong’an New Area, North China.
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Figure 6.
Variations in Cl/Br ratios with Cl concentration of groundwater (a) and pore-water (b) in the Xiong’an New Area, North China.
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Figure 7.
Stable isotopic composition of aquifer pore-water (a) and aquitard pore-water (b) in the Xiong’an New Area, North China. The solid line marks the global meteoric water line (GMWL).
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Figure 8.
The δ18O profiles of pore-water and paleoclimate significance in the Xiong’an New Area, North China.