A Review of Research Advances on Treatment Technologies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Wastewater

LUO Manlin; YIN Chengyan; Feng Minqiao; YU Yin; WANG Keke; XIONG Tingting; WU Yi; XU Shuxia

doi:10.15898/j.ykcs.202507150203

2025 Vol. 44, No. 4

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Article navigation > Rock and Mineral Analysis > 2025 > 44(4): 576-597

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LUO Manlin, YIN Chengyan, Feng Minqiao, YU Yin, WANG Keke, XIONG Tingting, WU Yi, XU Shuxia. A Review of Research Advances on Treatment Technologies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Wastewater[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2025, 44(4): 576-597. doi: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202507150203

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LUO Manlin, YIN Chengyan, Feng Minqiao, YU Yin, WANG Keke, XIONG Tingting, WU Yi, XU Shuxia. A Review of Research Advances on Treatment Technologies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Wastewater[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2025, 44(4): 576-597. doi: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202507150203

A Review of Research Advances on Treatment Technologies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Wastewater

1.
College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
2.
Sichuan Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
3.
Sichuan Province Environmental Protection Technology & Engineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China

More Information

Corresponding authors: WU Yi, yiwu@scaes.cn ; XU Shuxia, xushux@cdut.edu.cn

Received Date: 15 June 2025

Revised Date: 25 June 2025

Accepted Date: 20 July 2025

Publish Date: 31 July 2025

Abstract

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged as global environmental pollutants due to their extreme chemical stability, environmental persistence, and potential ecological risks. Despite their widespread industrial applications, the recalcitrant nature of PFAS leads to continuous accumulation in water bodies, soils, and organisms, posing significant environmental and health concerns. This review summarizes recent advances in conventional (e.g., adsorption, membrane separation, electrochemical oxidation) and emerging (e.g., hydrothermal alkaline treatment, plasma technology, mechanochemical degradation) PFAS wastewater treatment technologies, focusing on their mechanisms, applicability, and research progress. The review aims to analyze the degradation principles, treatment efficiency, and scalability of existing technologies while providing future optimization recommendations. Adsorption offers cost-effectiveness advantages; membrane separation avoids chemical usage; electrochemical oxidation operates under mild conditions; pyrolysis achieves complete mineralization; hydrothermal alkaline treatment demonstrates notable environmental friendliness. However, these technologies still face multiple challenges, including secondary pollution risks, high energy demands (e.g., pyrolysis and flash Joule heating), limited efficiency for short-chain PFAS (e.g., foam fractionation), and low technological maturity (e.g., ultrasonic and biodegradation). From an engineering perspective, adsorption and membrane separation have reached commercialization, while electrochemical oxidation, Fenton oxidation, and ozonation are at pilot-to-demonstration stages. Most other technologies remain confined to laboratory research. Based on current limitations, future development should prioritize: (1) novel functional materials (e.g., pH-adaptive catalysts and hybrid membranes), (2) process optimization and integration, (3) engineering improvements (e.g., continuous reactor design and energy consumption control), and (4) comprehensive environmental risk assessment. Breakthroughs in these areas will advance PFAS treatment toward higher efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability.
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) /
- waste water treatment /
- adsorption /
- membrane separation /
- electrochemical oxidation

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References

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