| Citation: |
Shi-min Zhen, Da-zhao Wang, Zhong-jian Zha, Hai-jun Bai, Jiang Wang, 2024. Geology and mineralization of the Dongping supergiant alkalic-hosted Au-Te deposit (>100 t Au) in Northern Hebei Province, China: A review, China Geology, 7, 533-550. doi: 10.31035/cg2023097
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Geology and mineralization of the Dongping supergiant alkalic-hosted Au-Te deposit (>100 t Au) in Northern Hebei Province, China: A review
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Abstract
The Dongping deposit is the largest alkalic-hosted gold deposit in China containing >100 t of Au. This paper presents a new understanding for Dongping ore system, based on the previous studies. The mineralization originally occurred at 400‒380 Ma, simultaneous with emplacement of the Shuiquangou alkaline complex, and was overprinted by the hydrothermal activity in the Yanshanian. Isotope compositions of ores indicate metals of the deposit are mainly provided by the Shuiquangou complex. Ore-forming fluids are characterized by increasing oxygen fugacity and decreasing sulfur fugacity, while tellurium fugacity increased in the Stage II-2 and decreased in Stage II-3. These systematic changes are closely related to the processes of mineral precipitation and fluid evolution. Sulfide precipitation from Stage I to Stage II was triggered by fluid boiling, which leads to the precipitation of Pb-Bi-Te, due to decrement of sulfur fugacity. Condensation of gas phase containing high concentration of H2Te leads to precipitation of Te-Au-Ag minerals and native tellurium. Based on these hypotheses, this paper present a polyphase metallogenic model as follow. During the Devonian, fluids were released from alkaline magmas, which carried ore-forming materials form the surrounding rocks and precipitate the early ores. During the Jurassic-Cretaceous, fluorine-rich fluids exsolved from highly factionated Shangshuiquan granite, which extracted and concentrated Au from the Shuiquangou complex and the Sanggan Group metamorphic rocks, and finally formed the Dongping gold deposit.
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Keywords:
- Mineralization and alteration /
- Alkaline intrusion Au deposit /
- Physicochemical conditions /
- Metallogenic model /
- Oxygen fugacity /
- Sulfur fugacity /
- Mechanisms of mineral precipitation /
- Fluid boiling /
- Fluorine-enriched fluid /
- Dongping gold deposit /
- North China Craton /
- Mineral exploration engineering
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References
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Shi-min Zhen, Da-zhao Wang, Zhong-jian Zha, Hai-jun Bai, Jiang Wang, 2024. Geology and mineralization of the Dongping supergiant alkalic-hosted Au-Te deposit (>100 t Au) in Northern Hebei Province, China: A review, China Geology, 7, 533-550. doi: 10.31035/cg2023097
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Figure 1.
Sketch maps of (a) geotectonic location and (b) tectonic-magmatic framework of the Zhangjiakou district (modified from Zhen SM et al., 2021). F1-South fault of the Sanggan-Pingquan structure belt; F2-North fault of the Sanggan-Pingquan structure belt; F3-Zijingguan-Lingshan fault; F4-Piedmont fault of the Taihang mountain; F5-Shangyi-Chongli-Chicheng fault; F6-Kangzhuang-Weichang fault; F7-Zhangbei-Guyuan fault; F8-Shanghuangqi-Wulonggou fault; F15-Mashikou-Songzhikou fault.
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Figure 3.
Geological map of the Dongping gold deposit (modified from Wei H et al., 2018; Wang DZ et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c)
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Figure 2.
Sketch map of geology and ore deposits of the Zhangjiakou district (revised from Wang DZ et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c)
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Figure 4.
Photomicrographs of alteration from the Dongping deposit. a‒Chloritization; b‒sericite; c‒carbonatization. Cal ‒calcite; Chm‒chamosite; Qtz‒quartz; Ser‒sericite.
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Figure 5.
Horizontal projection (a) and longitudinal sections (b) of No. 70 vein of the Dongping gold deposit (modified from Wang DZ et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c)
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Figure 6.
Photographs of different ore types. a‒Auriferous quartz vein; b‒disseminated ore; c‒oxidized ore. Au‒gold; Mag‒magnetite; Py‒pyrite; Qtz‒quartz.
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Figure 7.
Photomicrographs of sulfide and telluride mineralization from the Dongping gold deposit. Au‒gold; Alt‒altaite, Cav‒calaverite; Cp‒chalcopyrite; Gn‒galena; Hes‒hessite; MA‒microporous gold; Ptz‒petzite; Py‒pyrite; Qtz‒quartz; Rkl‒rucklidgeite; Syl‒sylvanite.
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Figure 8.
Paragenetic sequence of minerals in the Dongping gold deposit (modified from Wang DZ et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c)
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Figure 9.
Distribution diagram of diagenetic and metallogenic ages in the Zhangjiakou district
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Figure 10.
a‒H-O; and b‒He isotope compositions of the Dongping gold deposit
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Figure 11.
a‒S; and b‒c‒Pb isotope compositions of the Dongping gold deposit
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Figure 12.
Physicochemical conditions for different mineralization stages of the Dongping gold deposit (modified from Wang DZ et al., 2019b). The conditions of establishing phase diagram are: T = 350°C, P = 200 bars, αΣS = 10−2, αK+ = 10−2 and αTe = 10−9.From Stage I through Stage II to Stage III, ore-forming fluids of the Dongping deposit show a general trend of increasing oxygen fugacity and decreasing sulfur fugacity, while tellurium fugacity increased in the Stage II-2 and decreased in Stage II-3. This trend is closely related to the processes of mineral precipitation and fluid evolution.
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Figure 13.
Block diagram illustrating the genesis of the Dongping-type deposit (modified from Li H et al., 2018)