Citation: | Nan Ju, Di Zhang, Guo-bin Zhang, Sen Zhang, Chuan-tao Ren, Yun-sheng Ren, Hui Wang, Yue Wu, Xin Liu, Lu Shi, Rong-rong Guo, Qun Yang, Zhen-ming Sun, Yu-jie Hao, 2023. Geology and mineralization of the Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit (1.65 Bt), Jilin, China: A review, China Geology, 6, 494-530. doi: 10.31035/cg2023039 |
The Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit (also referred to as the Daheishan deposit) is the second largest molybdenum deposit in Asia and ranks fifth among the top seven molybdenum deposits globally with total molybdenum reserves of 1.65 billion tons, an average molybdenum ore grade of 0.081%, and molybdenum resources of 1.09 million tons. The main ore body is housed in the granodiorite porphyry plutons and their surrounding inequigranular granodiorite plutons, with high-grade ores largely located in the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyries in the middle-upper part of the porphyry plutons. Specifically, it appears as an ore pipe with a large upper part and a small lower part, measuring about 1700 m in length and width, extending for about 500 m vertically, and covering an area of 2.3 km2. Mineralogically, the main ore body consists of molybdenite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite horizontally from its center outward and exhibits molybdenite, azurite, and pyrite vertically from top to bottom. The primary ore minerals include pyrite and molybdenite, and the secondary ore minerals include sphalerite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, and scheelite, with average grades of molybdenum, copper, sulfur, gallium, and rhenium being 0.081%, 0.033%, 1.67%, 0.001%, and 0.0012%, respectively. The ore-forming fluids of the Daheishan deposit originated as the CO2-H2O-NaCl multiphase magmatic fluid system, rich in CO2 and bearing minor amounts of CH4, N2, and H2S, and later mixed with meteoric precipitation. In various mineralization stages, the ore-forming fluids had homogenization temperatures of > 420°C‒400°C, 360°C‒350°C, 340°C‒230°C, 220°C‒210°C, and 180°C‒160°C and salinities of > 41.05%‒9.8% NaCleqv, 38.16%‒4.48% NaCleqv, 35.78%‒4.49% NaCleqv, 7.43% NaCleqv, and 7.8%‒9.5% NaCleqv, respectively. The mineralization of the Daheishan deposit occurred at 186‒167 Ma. The granites closely related to the mineralization include granodiorites (granodiorite porphyries) and monzogranites (monzogranite porphyries), which were mineralized after magmatic evolution (189‒167 Ma). Moreover, these mineralization-related granites exhibit low initial strontium content and high initial neodymium content, indicating that these granites underwent crust-mantle mixing. The Daheishan deposit formed during the Early-Middle Jurassic, during which basaltic magma underplating induced the lower-crust melting, leading to the formation of magma chambers. After the fractional crystallization of magmas, ore-bearing fluids formed. As the temperature and pressure decreased, the ore-bearing fluids boiled drops while ascending, leading to massive unloading of metal elements. Consequently, brecciated and veinlet-disseminated ore bodies formed.
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Geotectonic position and typical molybdenum deposits of the study area (modified from Ju N, 2020).
Geological map of the Daheishan mining area (after Hou XG, 2017).
Structural outline map of the Daheishan mining area (after Lu ZQ, 2017).
Profiles of ore bodies along lines 14 and 16 in the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Hou XG, 2017).
3D profile of the main ore body of the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Lu ZQ, 2017).
Hand specimens and photomicrographs of ores from the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Xing K, 2021). (a)‒Granite porphyry; (b)‒biotite monzogranite; (c)‒granite porphyry bearing quartz molybdenite veins and quartz pyrite veins; (d)‒granite porphyry; (e)‒biotite monzogranite, with magmatic biotite becoming epidote due to hydrothermal alteration; (f)‒quartz molybdenite veins with sericite-quartz alteration under reflected light.
Sketch map of alteration zones in the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Lu ZQ, 2017). Chl-Ep: propylitization; Q-Ser: quartz-sericitization; Q-Pe: potassium feldspathization; Py-Q-Ser: ferrosericitization; Q-ρe: quartz core-quartz veins.
Histogram and curves of homogenization temperature vs. salinity of inclusions in the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Zhang Y, 2013).
Diagrams of T-W-ρ (a) and salinity - homogenization temperature - pressure (b) of inclusions in the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Zhang Y, 2013).
Projection of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Hou XG, 2017).
Pb isotopic characteristics of ore minerals in typical molybdenum deposits in the eastern Jilin-Heilongjiang area (after Hou XG, 2017).
Re content in molybdenite of typical molybdenum deposits in the eastern Jilin-Heilongjiang area (after Hou XG, 2017).
Comparison of Re content (a) and Re content vs. Re-Os model age (b) of molybdenite in typical molybdenum deposits in central and eastern Jilin (after Zhang Y, 2013).
Re-Mo content pattern of molybdenite in typical molybdenum deposits in the eastern Jilin−Heilongjiang area (after Hou XG, 2017).
Schematic of tectonic evolution of typical porphyry molybdenum deposits (after Zhang Y, 2013).
Metallogenic dynamic model of typical molybdenum deposits in central and eastern Jilin (after Zhang Y, 2013).
Metallogenic models of the Daheishan porphyry molybdenum deposit (after Zhang Y, 2013).
Prospecting model of the Daheishan molybdenum deposit (after Zhang Y, 2013).