| Citation: |
Tian-ming Gao, Na Fan, Wu Chen, Tao Dai, 2023. Lithium extraction from hard rock lithium ores (spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwaldite, petalite): Technology, resources, environment and cost, China Geology, 6, 137-153. doi: 10.31035/cg2022088
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Lithium extraction from hard rock lithium ores (spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwaldite, petalite): Technology, resources, environment and cost
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Abstract
Lithium production in China mainly depends on hard rock lithium ores, which has a defect in resources, environment, and economy compared with extracting lithium from brine. This paper focuses on the research progress of extracting lithium from spodumene, lepidolite, petalite, and zinnwaldite by acid, alkali, salt roasting, and chlorination methods, and analyzes the resource intensity, environmental impact, and production cost of industrial lithium extraction from spodumene and lepidolite. It is found that the sulfuric acid method has a high lithium recovery rate, but with a complicated process and high energy consumption; alkali and chlorination methods can directly react with lithium ores, reducing energy consumption, but need to optimize reaction conditions and safety of equipment and operation; the salt roasting method has large material flux and high energy consumption, so require adjustment of sulfate ratio to increase the lithium yield and reduce production cost. Compared with extracting lithium from brine, extracting lithium from ores, calcination, roasting, purity, and other processes consume more resources and energy; and its environmental impact mainly comes from the pollutants discharged by fossil energy, 9.3‒60.4 times that of lithium extracted from brine. The processing cost of lithium extraction from lepidolite by sulfate roasting method is higher than that from spodumene by sulfuric acid due to the consumption of high-value sulfate. However, the production costs of both are mainly affected by the price of lithium ores, which is less competitive than that of extracting lithium from brine. Thus, the process of extracting lithium from ores should develop appropriate technology, shorten the process flow, save resources and energy, and increase the recovery rate of related elements to reduce environmental impact and improve the added value of by-products and the economy of the process.
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References
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Tian-ming Gao, Na Fan, Wu Chen, Tao Dai, 2023. Lithium extraction from hard rock lithium ores (spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwaldite, petalite): Technology, resources, environment and cost, China Geology, 6, 137-153. doi: 10.31035/cg2022088
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Figure 1.
Lithium production structure in China (2021).
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Figure 2.
Process flow sheet for extracting lithium from spodumene by the sulfuric acid method.
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Figure 3.
Process of lithium extraction from spodumene by sodium hydroxide method (after Li H et al., 2019).
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Figure 4.
Lithium recovery process of β-spodumene by sodium carbonate autoclave method (modified from Chen Y et al., 2011a, 2011b).
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Figure 5.
Process for lithium recovery from lepidolite by sodium sulfate roasting method (modified from Li H et al., 2019; Yan QX et al., 2012c).
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Figure 6.
Process flow chart of lithium carbonate production by chlorination roasting method (modified from Zhu ZH et al., 2008).
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Figure 7.
Resource consumption (a) and pollutant emission (b) of lithium extraction from spodumene by the sulfuric acid method.
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Figure 8.
Comparison of production cost between spodumene sulfuric acid and lepidolite sulfate method.