| Citation: |
Dan-yi Su, Bin-bin Guo, Qian-yong Liang, Chu-jin Liang, Fei-long Lin, Su-meng Jiang, Yi-fei Dong, Xue-min Wu, 2023. Application of the monitoring and early warning system for internal solitary waves: Take the second natural gas hydrates production test in the South China Sea as an example, China Geology, 6, 676-684. doi: 10.31035/cg2022043
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Application of the monitoring and early warning system for internal solitary waves: Take the second natural gas hydrates production test in the South China Sea as an example
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Abstract
Internal solitary waves (ISWs) contain great energy and have the characteristics of emergency and concealment. To avoid their damage to offshore engineering, a new generation of monitoring and early warning system for ISWs was developed using technologies of double buoys monitoring, intelligent real-time data transmission, and automatic software identification. The system was applied to the second natural gas hydrates (NGHs) production test in the Shenhu Area, South China Sea (SCS) and successfully provided the early warning of ISWs for 173 days (from October 2019 to April 2020). The abrupt changes in the thrust force of the drilling platform under the attack of ISWs were consistent with the early warning information, proving the reliability of this system. A total of 93 ISWs were detected around the drilling platform. Most of them occurred during the spring tides in October–December 2019 and April 2020, while few of them occurred in winter. As suggested by the theoretical model, the full-depth structure of ISWs was a typical current profile of mode-1, and the velocities of wave-induced currents can reach 80 cm/s and 30 cm/s, respectively, in the upper ocean and near the seabed. The ISWs may be primarily generated from the interactions between the topography and semidiurnal tides in the Luzon Strait, and then propagate westward to the drilling platform. This study could serve as an important reference for the early warning of ISWs for offshore engineering construction in the future.
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References
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Dan-yi Su, Bin-bin Guo, Qian-yong Liang, Chu-jin Liang, Fei-long Lin, Su-meng Jiang, Yi-fei Dong, Xue-min Wu, 2023. Application of the monitoring and early warning system for internal solitary waves: Take the second natural gas hydrates production test in the South China Sea as an example, China Geology, 6, 676-684. doi: 10.31035/cg2022043
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Figure 1.
Technical framework of the monitoring and early warning system for ISWs.
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Figure 2.
Locations of the drilling platform and monitoring buoys in the second NGHs production test. The red box denotes the study area (i.e., the target area for the monitoring and early warning of ISWs); the yellow box denotes the site of tide forecast data; the red triangles indicate the buoy stations; the black square is the position of the drilling platform; and the black lines indicate the water depth (unit: m).
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Figure 3.
Structure of a buoy used in the ISW System. Physical picture (a); overall structure (b).
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Figure 4.
Velocity profiles of upper ocean currents (a, b) and average velocity at 0–100 m (c, d) when the strongest ISW passed through buoys No. 2 (left) and No. 1 (right) on April 11, 2020.
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Figure 5.
Changes in the thrust force of the drilling platform when the strongest ISW passed on April 11, 2020 (unit: tons).
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Figure 6.
Time series of ISWs in the study area. Velocity of wave-induced currents (a); depth of the maximum velocity (b); duration of the ISWs (c); semidiurnal tides near the Luzon Strait (d).
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Figure 7.
Daily distribution of the velocity of wave-induced currents during the monitoring.
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Figure 8.
The horizontal velocity profile (a) and the vertical shear profile (b) when the strongest ISW passed by buoy No. 2 on April 11, 2020, and the temperature vs. salinity profile (c) near buoy No. 2 in April 2021.
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Figure 9.
Vertical structure of the strongest ISW passed by buoy No. 2 on April 11, 2020. Simulation results at 0‒100 m (a); monitoring results at 0‒100 m (b); simulated full-depth structure (c).
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Figure 10.
Time it takes for ISWs to propagate from the Luzon Strait to the study area (black solid lines; unit: day). The colorful solid lines denote water depth (unit: m), and the red box denotes the study area.