| Citation: |
Yan Zhang, Yun-fei Xue, Chun-yang Bu, Ti Li, Xin Zhang, Yu-dong Jin, Yue-wu Sun, 2022. Climate characteristics of the eastern Mongolian Plateau, China during the early Early Cretaceous (145‒132 Ma): Palynological evidence from the Tongbomiao Formation in Well Hong-6, Hailar Basin, China Geology, 5, 439-456. doi: 10.31035/cg2022016
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Climate characteristics of the eastern Mongolian Plateau, China during the early Early Cretaceous (145‒132 Ma): Palynological evidence from the Tongbomiao Formation in Well Hong-6, Hailar Basin
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Abstract
This study identified two palynological assemblages, namely Bayanhuasporites-Cycadopites-Protoconiferus and Cicatricosisporites-Cedripites-Perinopollenites, in the Tongbomiao Formation in the Hongqi Sag in the Hailar Basin, Inner Mongolia, China for the first time. The former is distributed in the lower part of the Tongbomiao Formation and is characterized by abundant gymnosperm pollen and diverse fern spores. Among them, the gymnosperm pollen is dominated by Paleoconifer (4.98%–31.62%) and Cycadopite (8.55%–25.23%) pollen grains and also includes other pollen grains such as Classopollis, Parcisporites, Erlianpollis, Callialasporites, and Jiaohepollis. The fern spores in the former palynological assemblage contain Bayanhuasporite (0–8.96%), Granulatisporites (0.93%–6.97%), and some important Cretaceous genera, such as Cicatricosisporites, Concavissimisporites, Densoisporites, Hsuisporites, Foraminisporis, and Leptolepidites. The Cicatricosisporites-Cedripites-Perinopollenites palynological assemblage is distributed in the upper part of the Tongbomiao Formation. Gymnosperm (77.30%), Pinaceae (31.9%), and Paleoconiferus (19.02%) pollen predominate this palynological assemblage, and Quadraeculina, Erlianpollis, and Jiaohepollis pollen are also common in this assemblage. The fern spores in this palynological assemblage include abundant Cicatricosisporites (4.29%). Besides, Concavissimisporites, Aequitriradites, and Leptolepidites are also common in this palynological assemblage. No angiosperm pollen has been found in both palynological assemblages. The identification of both palynological assemblages provides important evidence for the biostratigraphic correlation between the Hailar Basin and its adjacent areas. It also enables the reconstructions of the Berriasian-Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) vegetation and the paleoclimate on the eastern Mongolian Plateau during 141–132 Ma. The vegetation reconstructed on the palynological data of the represented by Hailar Basin in eastern Mongolian Plateau (141.6–141.4 Ma), form conifer forest or conifer broad-leaved mixed forest to conifer forest with shrubs and grassland, the climate belongs to warm temperate and warm-subtropicalt, the highest temperature is estimated to reach 35–38℃. Form 132.3 Ma, the vegetation type is conifer forest, and its paleoclimate is sub-humid warm temperate, the highest temperature is estimated to reach 24–29℃.
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References
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Yan Zhang, Yun-fei Xue, Chun-yang Bu, Ti Li, Xin Zhang, Yu-dong Jin, Yue-wu Sun, 2022. Climate characteristics of the eastern Mongolian Plateau, China during the early Early Cretaceous (145‒132 Ma): Palynological evidence from the Tongbomiao Formation in Well Hong-6, Hailar Basin, China Geology, 5, 439-456. doi: 10.31035/cg2022016
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Figure 1.
Geological map of the study area. a‒Location of the Hailar Basin; b‒location of the Hongqi Sag; c‒division of tectonic units in the Hongqi Sag.
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Figure 2.
Locations and stratigraphic horizons of palynological samples in Well Hong–6 in the Hongqi Sag of the Hailar Basin.
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Figure 3.
Typical palynological fossils in the lower of Tongbomiao Formation. 1‒2,7‒Foraminisporis; 3‒4, 8‒Bayanhuasporites; 5‒Ginkgoretectina; 6, 11‒Densoisporites; 9‒Baculatisporites; 10‒Perinopollenites; 12, 13‒Hsuisporites; 14‒Podocarpidites; 15‒Toroisporis; 16‒Chasmatosporites; 17‒Undulatisporites; 18‒? Annulispora; 19, 20‒Cibotiumspora; 21, 22, 26‒Cycadopites; 23‒Acanthotriletes; 24‒Cicatricosisporites; 25‒Pseudowalchia; 27‒Granulatisporites; 28‒Spinivelipollis; 29‒Protoconiferus; 30‒Piceites; 31‒Pseudopinus (Bar=10 μm).
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Figure 4.
Typical palynological fossils in the upper of Tongbomiao Formation. 1, 2‒Cicatricosisporites; 3‒Leiotriletes; 4‒Deltoidospora; 5‒Erlianpollis; 6‒Aequitriradites; 7‒Quadraeculina; 8‒Perinopollenites; 9‒Jiaohepollis; 10‒Cedripites; 11‒Inaperturopllenites; 12‒Biretisporites; 13‒Protoconiferus; 14‒Osmundacidites; 15‒Concavissimisporites; 16‒Leptolepidites; 17‒Pinuspollenites; 18‒Pseudopicea; 19‒Classopollis; 20‒Cerebropollenites; 21‒Paleoconiferus (Bar=10 μm).
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Figure 5.
Some palynological fossils of Tongbomiao Fm and their present mather plants. 1‒4‒Gymnosperms and their fossil reproductive organs; 5‒9‒Pteridophytes and their fossil reproductive organs. 1‒Picea and its fossil reproductive organs: 1a‒Picea, 1b‒Piceaepollenites; 2‒Cycas and its fossil reproductive organs: 2a‒Cycas, 2b‒Cycadopites; 3‒Podocarpus and its fossil reproductive organs: 3a‒Podocarpus, 3b‒Podocarpidites; 4‒Cedrus and its fossil reproductive organs: 4a‒Cedrus, 4b‒Cedripites; 5‒Osmunda and its fossil reproductive organs: 5a‒Osmunda, 5b‒Osmundacidites; 6‒Cibotium and its fossil reproductive organs: 6a‒Cibotium, 6b‒Cibotiumspora; 7‒Alsophila and its fossil reproductive organs: 7a‒Alsophila, 7b.Cyathidites; 8‒Lycopodium and its fossil reproductive organs: 8a‒Lycopodium, 8b‒Lycopodiumsporites; 9‒Anemia and its fossil reproductive organs: 9a‒Anemia, 9b‒Cicatricosisporites. Pictures of present mother plants quote to www.cubg.cn. (Bar=10 μm).