| Citation: |
Poulami Roy, Bapi Goswami, Ankita Basak, Anwesa Sen, Chittaranjan Bhattacharyya, 2025. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic mafic granulite and amphibolite dykes from Saltora, Bankura district, Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex, eastern India: Implications for their emplacement in within-plate setting, China Geology, 8, 159-186. doi: 10.31035/cg20220082
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Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic mafic granulite and amphibolite dykes from Saltora, Bankura district, Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex, eastern India: Implications for their emplacement in within-plate setting
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Abstract
Distinguishing high-grade mafic-ultramafic rocks originally crystallized from within-plate basaltic magmatism is challenging and crucial because the chemical composition of the igneous rocks has been modified during high-grade metamorphism, causing misidentification of the characters of the parental magma. Proterozoic metamorphosed mafic dykes occur throughout the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC) of eastern Indian shield. The E-W trending mafic dykes from the Saltora area in the southeastern CGC underwent metamorphism in two episodes: M1 ( 650 MPa; 770°C) and M2 (300 MPa; 744°C). The metamafics are enriched in LILE, depleted in HFSE, and display strong fractionation of LREE, nearly flat HREE patterns in a chondrite-normalized REE diagram, and show tholeiitic differentiation trend. Their geochemical affinity is towards rift-related, continental within-plate basalts. About 7%–10% melting of the carbonated spinel-peridotite sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) produced the parental mafic magma. The pre-existing SCLM was metasomatized by slab-derived fluid during the previous subduction. The upwelling of the asthenosphere in a post-collisional tectonic setting caused E-W trending fractures, lithospheric thinning, and gravitational collapse. These dykes were emplaced during crustal extension around 1070 Ma. The remarkable geochemical similarity between the mafic dykes of Saltora and Dhanbad, the ca. 1096 Ma Mahoba (Bundelkhand craton), and the ca. 1070 Ma Alcurra mafic dykes in Australia supports a genetic link.
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Poulami Roy, Bapi Goswami, Ankita Basak, Anwesa Sen, Chittaranjan Bhattacharyya, 2025. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic mafic granulite and amphibolite dykes from Saltora, Bankura district, Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex, eastern India: Implications for their emplacement in within-plate setting, China Geology, 8, 159-186. doi: 10.31035/cg20220082
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Figure 1.
(a) Map showing the disposition of the major cratonic blocks and tectonic elements within Peninsular India. AFB–Aravalli Fold Belt; BBG–Bhandara-Balaghat granulite; CGC–Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex; NSMB–North Singhbhum Mobile Belt; EGB–Eastern Ghats Belt; RKG–Ramakona-Katangi granulite; SPGC–Shillong Plateau Gneissic Complex. Archaean cratons: BK–Bundelkhand; BS–Bastar; KR–Karnataka, SB–Singhbhum. (b) Generalized geological map of the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex, showing the distribution of major granitoid plutons and lineaments (modified from Mazumdar SK, 1988). SSZ– Singhbhum Shear Zone; SPSZ–South Purulia Shear Zone; NPSZ–North Purulia Shear Zone; SNNF–Son-Narmada North Fault; SNSF–Son-Narmada South Fault; BTF–Balarampur-Tatapani Fault; DVSF–Damodar Valley South Fault. The area of study is marked by the rectangle, lying north-east of Purulia town. (c) Simplified geological map around Santuri-Saltora area, Purulia and Bankura districts, West Bengal, India after Roy AK (1977), Acharya A et al. (2005) and modified by the present authors.
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Figure 2.
Field photographs: (a) mafic granulites occurring as enclave within enderbite, Sarpahari, 4 km NNE of Saltora town. (b) Overturned D2-antiform in the migmatitic granite gneiss, quarry section, Murlu, 3 km west of Saltora town. (c) Overturned D2-antiform in the mafic granulite, north of Murlu. (d) Mafic granulite showing cross-cutting relation with the granite gneiss, quarry section, Murlu. Length of white scale = 14 cm.
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Figure 3.
Photomicrographs of amphibolite (a-b) and mafic granulite (c-f). (a) General schistose texture of brown Hbl-rich amphibolite. (b) Biotitization of Opx in amphibolite. (c) The megacrysts of Pl in mafic granulites show deformational features like shadowy extinction, bending of twin lamellae and marginal granulation to medium sized grains. (d) Tabular Pl occur as criss-cross aggregates within the ferromagnesian mineral aggregates. (e) Replacement of Opx by brown and greenish brown Hbl occasionally preserving Opx relicts in mafic granulite. Locally the plagioclase grains show preferred orientation along the general gneissosity in mafic granulite. (f) Coarse elongate Qz in gneissic mafic granulite runs parallel to the gneissic trend. (Mineral abbreviations after Whitney DL and Evans BW, 2010).
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Figure 4.
Classification diagrams: (a) Nb/Y vs. Zr/Ti diagram (after Pearce JA, 1996); (b) SiO2 vs. Total alkali diagram (after Cox K et al., 1979); (c) (FeOT+TiO2)–Al2O3–MgO diagram; (d) AFM ternary plot of Irvine TNJ and Baragar WRAF (1971).
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Figure 5.
(a) Chondrite normalized REE diagram of Saltora mafic granulite. Normalization values after McDonough WF and Sun SS (1995). (b) Primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram of Saltora mafic granulite. Normalization values after Sun SS and McDonough WF (1989). (c) Chondrite-normalized REE diagram of Saltora amphibolite. Normalization values after McDonough WF and Sun SS (1995). (d) Primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram of Saltora mafic granulite. Normalization values after Sun SS and McDonough WF (1989).
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Figure 6.
Plots of amphibolites and mafic granulites in tectonic discrimination diagrams. (a) Ti/1000 vs. V diagram of Shervais JW (1982); (b) Y vs. La/Nb diagram of Floyd PA et al. (1991); (c) N-MORB-normalized Th vs. Nb diagram of Saccani E (2015); (d) Sc/Ba vs. Nb/Sc diagram of Han S et al. (2020). Abbreviations: MORB–Mid-oceanic ridge basalt; OIB–Ocean island basalt; OCTZ–Ocean-continent transition zone.
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Figure 7.
Temperature (oC) vs. Pressure (MPa) pseudosection of stable mineral assemblages of garnetiferous mafic granulite (PR-TB5) from Saltora area.
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Figure 8.
Plots of trace element ratios of amphibolites and mafic granulites of Saltora in various diagrams. (a) Th/Nd vs. Ba/La diagram showing subducted slab-derived fluid and melt-derived enrichment trends. (b) La/Nb vs. La/Ba diagram. Fields of Thabazinbi sill, Karoo dolerite, OIB (Ocean Island basalt), Deccan basalt and MORB (Mid-oceanic ridge basalt) are after Ernst RE (2014). (c) (Ta/La) vs. (Hf/Sm) diagram after La Flèche MR et al. (1998). Normalization values of primitive mantle after Sun SS and McDonough WF (1989). (d) TiO2/Yb vs. Th/Nb diagram of Pearce JA et al. (2021) showing principal types of LIP basalt dispersion. Type I: plume array; Type II: SZLM array; and Type III: plume-SZLM interactions. Type IIIa: MORB+OPB-SZLM interractions; Type IIIb: OIB+OPB-SZLM interractionsi; Type IIIab: SZLM-MORB+OPB+OIB interractions. HIMU–High-μ mantle; SZLM–subduction-modified lithospheric mantle; EM–Enriched Mantle; OIB–Ocean Island basalt; OPB–Oceanic plateau basalt.
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Figure 9.
Plots of amphibolites and mafic granulites in discrimination diagrams to identify the source mantle. (a) La/Yb vs. Nb/La diagram (after, Abdel-Rahman AFM and Nassar PE, 2004). (b) (La/Sm)N vs. (Tb/Yb)N diagram (normalized to primitive mantle values of Sun SS and McDonough WF, 1989). The boundary between products of spinel- and garnet-dominated melting is from Wang P et al. (2002) and references therein; OIB from Sun SS and McDonough WF (1989). (c) Dy/Yb vs. Yb diagram. Partial melting lines are drawn by Giuseppe PDi et al. (2018) for garnet and spinel-bearing lherzolite sources. (d) MgO (wt %) vs. CaO/Al2O3 diagram of Brandl PA et al. (2015). (e) TiO2 vs. (Na2O+K2O) diagram of Zeng G et al. (2010). (f) Ba/Rb vs. Rb/Sr diagram of Furman T and Graham D (1999) showing controls of phlogopite and amphibole of mantle source. Sp–spinel; Gt–garnet; Ol–olivine; Cpx–clinopyroxene.
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Figure 10.
Spider diagrams for the (a) average of amphibolite and mafic granulite dykes of Saltora (b) Mahoba dolerite dykes, Bundelkhand; (c) Type-1 and Type-3 amphibolite dykes of Dhanbad (data from Kumar A and Ahmad T, 2007); (d) range and average composition of mafic sills, dykes and basalts of Warakurna large igneous province, Australia (data from Wingate MT et al., 2004). MORB (mid-ocean-ridge basalt) normalization values after Sun SS and McDonough WF (1989).