| Citation: |
Huan-huan Yang, Qin Wang, Yan-bo Li, Bin Lin, Yang Song, Yi-yun Wang, Wen He, Hong-wei Li, She Li, Jian-li Li, Chang-cheng Liu, Shi-bin Feng, Tang Xin, Xue-lian Fu, Xin-juan Liang, Qi Zhang, Bei-qi Wang, Yang Li, 2022. Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au, Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet, China: A review, China Geology, 5, 136-159. doi: 10.31035/cg2022001
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Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au, Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet, China: A review
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Abstract
The Tiegelongnan Cu (Au, Ag) deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29th in the world. It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization. In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet, new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism. Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous (about 120 Ma) granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean. Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma, and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water. The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America. The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks, Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit. The formation, preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.
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References
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Huan-huan Yang, Qin Wang, Yan-bo Li, Bin Lin, Yang Song, Yi-yun Wang, Wen He, Hong-wei Li, She Li, Jian-li Li, Chang-cheng Liu, Shi-bin Feng, Tang Xin, Xue-lian Fu, Xin-juan Liang, Qi Zhang, Bei-qi Wang, Yang Li, 2022. Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au, Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet, China: A review, China Geology, 5, 136-159. doi: 10.31035/cg2022001
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Figure 1.
Regional geological map of Duolong ore district in central Tibet.
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Figure 2.
Schematic geological map of Tiegelongnan deposit in the Duolong ore district, Tibet (after Wang Q et al., 2018).
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Figure 3.
Typical petrography of intrusive rocks in Tiegelongnan mining area
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Figure 4.
Drill hole location (a), profile (b) and alteration zone (c) of drill holes in the Tiegelongnan deposit, Tibet (after Lin B, 2018)
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Figure 5.
Alteration characteristic in the Tiegelongnan deposit. a–potassic granodiorite with biotite altered sandstone breccia; b–biotite altered hornfel; c–potassic granodiorite; d–advanced argillic alteration; e–advanced argillic altered sandstone with digenite+enargite+chalcocite vein; f–silicified and sericitized granodiorite porphyry; g–sericitized granodiorite porphyry; h–propylitic granodiorite porphyry; i–argillic granodiorite porphyry; j–banded argillization in the sandstone; k, l–carbonated andesite.
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Figure 6.
Three dimensional model of orebody in the Tiegelongnan deposit, Tibet.
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Figure 7.
Cu grade distribution in east-west direction of Tiegelongnan deposit, Tibet.
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Figure 8.
Photos of typical ore minerals in the Tiegelongnan deposit, Tibet.
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Figure 9.
Micrograph of typical ore structure in Tiegelongnan mining area.
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Figure 10.
Characteristics of pyrite in the Tiegelongnan deposit.
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Figure 11.
Diagenetic and metallogenic periods of the Tiegelongnan deposit, Tibet (after Lin B, 2018).
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Figure 12.
Tera-Wasserburg concordia plots with 2σ error ellipses for samples from the Tiegelongnan igneous rocks. Red ellipses were included in the age calculation. Blue ellipses were excluded on the basis of inheritance, discordance, or Pb-loss.
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Figure 13.
Microphotographs of petrography of fluid inclusions (He W et al., 2017). a–liquid-rich inclusions with opaque mineral; b–liquid-rich inclusions with opaque mineral; c–high salinity liquid-rich inclusions and gas-rich inclusions in quartz phenocryst; d–primary fluid inclusions in Qz-Cpy vein; e–Sec FIA and psec FIA coexisting in quartz-Alunite-Pyrite-Covellite vein; f–liquid-rich inclusions in quartz vein; g–hematite bearing inclusions in quartz phenocryst; h–gas-rich fluid inclusions in secondary fluid inclusion assemblage. Hem–hematite; Op–opaque mineral; Psec FIA–pseudosecondary fluid inclusion assemblage; Sec FIA–secondary fluid inclusion assemblage dominated by VL fluid inclusions; LV–liquid-rich inclusions; VL–gas-rich inclusions; LVS–high salinity liquid-rich inclusions with or without metal minerals.
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Figure 14.
Sulfur isotopic composition histogram of sulfide and sulfate minerals in Tiegelongnan deposit, the sulfur isotope data are from Wang YY et al., (2017), Lin B et al., (2018) and this study.
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Figure 15.
The log fS2–1000/T diagram defining the relative sulfidation state of hydrothermal fluids (after Einaudi MT et al., 2003), the Main Line oreforming environment from Barton PB Jr. (1970), and the evolutionary path of fluids in porphyry copper and porphyry related vein deposits. Sulfidation reactions from Barton PB Jr. and Skinner BJ (1979).
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Figure 16.
Thermal model of AFT samples from the Duolong ore district, the data from Yang HH et al. (2019, 2020). The green area in each plot denotes the envelope for all acceptable time-temperature paths with a goodness fit of > 0.05, whereas the purple areas encompass all good time-temperature paths with a goodness fit of > 0.5. The blue line enveloped in the pink region depicts the weighted mean cooling path for each plot