Citation: | Shi-zhen Li, Zhi Zhou, Hai-kuan Nie, Lei-fu Zhang, Teng Song, Wei-bin Liu, Hao-han Li, Qiu-chen Xu, Si-yu Wei, Shu Tao, 2022. Distribution characteristics, exploration and development, geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China, China Geology, 5, 110-135. doi: 10.31035/cg2021069 |
The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100 ×1012 m3, which includes about 20×1012 m3 of recoverable resources. Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments, namely marine, marine-continental transitional, and continental shales, which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic. The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas, and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas, with a shale gas production of up to 20×109 m3 in 2020. China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years, successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata. The details are as follows. (1) Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas (burial depth: less than 3500 m) has been realized, with the productivity having rapidly increased; (2) breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas (burial depth: 3500‒4500 m), and the ultra-deep shale gas (burial depth: greater than 4500 m) is under testing; (3) breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas, and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated; (4) shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata, exhibiting a great prospect. Based on the exploration and development practice, three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China. (1) in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments, organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas; (2) in terms of high-quality reservoirs, the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation; (3) in terms of preservation conditions, weak structural transformation, a moderate degree of thermal evolution, and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment. As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy, shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality. Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress, three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.
Algeo TJ, Schwark L, Hower JC. 2004. High-resolution geochemistry and sequence stratigraphy of the Hushpuckney Shale (Swope Formation, eastern Kansas): Implications for climato-environmental dynamics of the Late Pennsylvanian Midcontinent Seaway. Chemical Geology, 206 (3–4), 259–288. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.028. |
Arthur MA, Sageman BB. 1994. Marine black shales: Depositional mechanisms and environments of ancient deposits. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22(1), 499–551. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.002435. |
Bao HY, Zhang BQ, Zeng LB, Liu C, Li K, Luo B, Liang B, Liu HT, Long YK. 2019. Marine shale gas differential enrichment structure models in South China. Earth Science, 44(3), 993–1000 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.943. |
Cai XY, Liu JL, Zhao PR, Liu CY, Cheng Z. 2020. Oil and gas exploration progress and upstream development strategy of Sinopec. China Petroleum Exploration, 25(1), 11–19 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.002. |
Cai XY, Zhao PR, Gao B, Zhu T, Tian LY, Sun CX. 2021. Sinopec’s shale gas development achievements during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” period and outlook for the future. Oil and Gas Geology, 42(1), 16–27 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11743/ogg20210102. |
Chen FR, Duan JB, Zhang HR, Wei XF, Liu ZJ, Wang Q, Yu GC. 2020. Shale gas resource evaluation based on “pressure coefficient”: A case study of Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in southeastern Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 42(3), 405–414 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202003405. |
Chen L, Lu YC, Li JQ, Guo XS, Jiang S, Luo C. 2019. Comparative study on the Lower Silurian Longmaxi marine shale in the Jiaoshiba shale gas field and the Pengshui area in the southeast Sichuan Basin, China. Geosciences Journal, 24, 61–71. doi: 10.1007/s12303-019-0014-y. |
Chen XH, Zhang BM, Zhang GT, Chen L, Zhang M, Li PJ. 2018a. High shale gas industry flow obtained from the Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Yichang area, Hubei Province. Geology in China, 2018, 45(1), 199–200 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.12029/gc20180119. |
Chen XH, Zhang BM, Chen L, Zhang GT, Li PJ, Zhang M. 2018b. Main geological controlling factors and enrichment pattern of shale gas reservoirs in the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian strata of Yichang, Western Hubei Province. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 39(3), 257–268 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2018.050901. |
Curtis JB. 2002. Fractured shale-gas systems. AAPG Bulletin, 86(11), 1921–1938. |
Dai JX, Dong DZ, Ni YY, Hong F, Zhang SR, Zhang YL, Ding L. 2020. Some essential geological and geochemical issues about shale gas research in China. Natural Gas Geoscience, 31(6), 745–760 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2020.05.016. |
Deng ED, Yan ZH, Jiang BR, Wang R. 2020. Reservoir characteristics of marine-continental shale gas in Upper Permian Longtan Formation, western Guizhou province. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 42(3), 467–476 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202003467. |
Dong DZ, Qiu Z, Zhang LF, Li SX, Zhang Q, Li XT, Zhang SR, Liu HL, Wang YM. 2021. Progress on sedimentology of transitional facies shales and new discoveries of shale gas. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 39(1), 29–45 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.002. |
Dong DZ, Zou CN, Yang H, Wang YM, Li XJ, Chen GS. 2012. Progress and prospects of shale gas exploration and development in China. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 33 (Sup1), 107–114 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb2012S1013. |
Dong DZ, Shi ZS, Guang QZ, Jiang S, Zhang MQ, Zhang CC, Wang SY, Sun SS, Yu RZ, Liu DX, Peng P, Wang SQ. 2018. Progress, challenges and prospects of shale gas exploration in the Wufeng-Longmaxi reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 38(4), 67–76 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2018.04.008. |
Energy Information Administration. 2015. Technically recoverable shale oil and shale gas resources: An assessment of 137 shale formations in 41 countries outside the United States. https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/overview.pdf. |
Fan CH, Li H, Qin QR, He S, Zhong C. 2020. Geological conditions and exploration potential of shale gas reservoir in Wufeng and Longmaxi Formation of southeastern Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 191, 107138. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107138. |
Feng DJ, Hu ZQ, Li SJ, Du W, Shi Y. 2021. Controlling effect of key preservation elements on shale gas enrichment in Longmaxi Formation, eastern marginal zone of Sichuan Basin. Geological Review, 67(1), 144–158 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.16509/j.georeview.2021.01.011. |
Gao SK, Dong DZ, Tao K, Guo W, Li XJ, Zhang SR. 2021. Experiences and lessons learned from China’s shale gas development: 2005–2019. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 85, 103648. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103648. |
Gao ZY, Fan YP, Xuan QX, Zheng GW. 2020. A review of shale pore structure evolution characteristics with increasing thermal maturities. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 4(3), 247–259. doi: 10.46690/ager.2020.03.03. |
Gou QY, Xu S, Hao F, Yang F, Shu ZG, Liu R. 2021. The effect of tectonic deformation and preservation condition on the shale pore structure using adsorption-based textural quantification and 3D image observation. Energy, 219, 119579. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119579. |
Guo XS. 2014. Rules of two-factor enrichment for marine shale gas in Southern China—understanding from the Longmaxi Formation shale gas in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding area. Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(7), 1210–1218 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Guo XS, Hu DF, Wen ZD, Liu RB. 2014. Major factors controlling the accumulation and high productivity in marine shale gas in the lower paleozoic of Sichuan Basin and its periphery: A case study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Jiaoshiba area. Geology in China, 41(3), 893–901 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Guo XS, Hu DF, Li YP, Wei XF, Liu RB, Liu ZJ, Yan JH, Wang QB. 2016a. Analyses and thoughts on accumulation mechanisms of marine and lacustrine shale gas: A case study in shales of Longmaxi Formation and Da’anzhai Section of Ziliujing Formation in Sichuan Basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(2), 18–28 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13745/j.esf.2016.02.003. |
Guo XS, Hu DF, Wei ZH, Li YP, Wei XF. 2016b. Discovery and exploration of Fuling shale gas field. China Petroleum Exploration, 21(3), 24–37 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Guo XS, Hu DF, Li YP, Wei ZH, Wei XF, Liu ZJ. 2017. Geological factors controlling shale gas enrichment and high production in Fuling shale gas field. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 44(4), 513–523. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(17)30060-5. |
Guo XS, Hu DF, Huang RC, Wei ZH, Duan JB, Wei XF, Fan XJ, Miao ZW. 2020. Deep and ultra-deep natural gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin: Progress and prospect. Natural Gas Industry B, 7(5), 419–432. doi: 10.1016/j.ngib.2020.05.001. |
Guo XS, Li YP, Borjigen T, Wang Q, Yuan T, Shen BJ, Ma ZL, Wei FB. 2020. Hydrocarbon generation and storage mechanisms of deep-water shelf shales of Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(1), 204–213. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(20)60019-2. |
Guo TL, Zhang HR. 2014. Formation and enrichment mode of Jiaoshiba shale gas field, Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(1), 31–40. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(14)60003-3. |
Guo TL. 2016. Key geological issues and main controls on accumulation and enrichment of Chinese shale gas. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 43(3), 349–359. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(16)30042-8. |
Guo TL, He XP, Zeng P, Gao YQ, Zhang PX, He GS. 2020. Geological characteristics and beneficial development scheme of shale gas reservoirs in complex tectonic regions: A case study of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 41(12), 1490–1500 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb202012004. |
Guo TL, Jiang S, Zhang PX, Zeng P. 2020. Progress and direction of exploration and development of normally-pressured shale gas from the periphery of Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 42(5), 837–845 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202005837. |
Guo TL. 2021. Progress and research direction of deep shale gas exploration and development. Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 11(1), 1–6 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2021.01.001. |
Hao F, Zou HY, Lu YC. 2013. Mechanisms of shale gas storage: Implications for shale gas exploration in China. AAPG Bulletin, 97(8), 1325–1346. doi: 10.1306/02141312091. |
He HQ, Fan TZ, Guo XJ, Yang T, Zheng M, Huang FX, Gao Y. 2021. Major achievements in oil and gas exploration of PetroChina during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and its development strategy for the 14th Five-Year Plan. China Petroleum Exploration, 26(1), 17–30 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.01.002. |
He JL, Liu W, Yu Q, Qiu Z, He YZ, Wang ZJ, Yang P. 2017. Geological characteristics of Lower Carboniferous Jiusi shale and its favorable area for shale gas exploration in Guizhou Province. Chinese Journal of Geology, 52(1), 203–217 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.12017/dzkx.2017.013. |
He XP, Lu B, He GS, Ren JH, Wang W, Chen ZH, Gao YQ, Fang DZ. 2021. Production characteristics and optimized development technologies for normal-pressure shale gas in the structurally complex areas of southeastern Chongqing. Oil & Gas Geology, 42(1), 224–240 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11743/ogg20210119. |
He XY, Yao GS, He XS, Chen ZL, Wang PW. 2011. An evaluation of depositional environment and potential of Devonian source rocks in Guizhong Depression. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 32(2), 273–279 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb201102012. |
He ZL, Li SJ, Nie HK, Yuan YS, Wang H. 2019. The shale gas “sweet window”: “The cracked and unbroken” state of shale and its depth range. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 101, 334–342. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.11.033. |
He ZL, Hu ZQ, Nie HK, Li SJ, Xu J. 2017. Characterization of shale gas enrichment in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its evaluation of geological construction-transformation evolution sequence. Natural Gas Geoscience, 28(5), 724–733 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2017.02.019. |
He ZL, Nie HK, Hu DF, Jiang TX, Wang RY, Zhang YY, Zhang GR, Lu ZY. 2020. Geological problems in the effective development of deep shale gas: A case study of Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi formations in Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 41(4), 379–391 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb202004001. |
He ZL, Nie HK, Li SJ, Luo J, Wang H, Zhang GR. 2020. Differential enrichment of shale gas in upper Ordovician and lower Silurian controlled by the plate tectonics of the Middle-Upper Yangtze, south China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 118, 104357. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104357. |
Hu DF, Wei ZH, Liu RB, Wei XF, Liu ZJ, Chen FR. 2021. Major breakthrough of shale oil and gas in Well Taiye 1 in Bashansi Syncline in the Sichuan Basin and its significance. China Petroleum Exploration, 26(2), 21–32 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2021.02.003. |
Jin ZJ, Hu ZQ, Gao B, Zhao JH. 2016. Controlling factors on the enrichment and high productivity of shale gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, southeastern Sichuan Basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(1), 1–10 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13745/j.esf.2016.01.001. |
Kuang LC, Dong DZ, He WY, Wen SM, Sun SS, Li SX, Qiu Z, Liao XW, Li Y, Wu J, Zhang LF, Shi ZS, Guo W, Zhang SR. 2020. Geological characteristics and development potential of transitional shale gas in the east margin of the Ordos Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(3), 471–482. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(20)60066-0. |
Li GX, Zhu RK. 2020. Progress, challenges and key issues in the unconventional oil and gas development of CNPC. China Petroleum Exploration, 25(2), 1–13 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.001. |
Li HH, Chen K, Bao SJ, Zhang YL, Song T, Wang P. 2019. Evaluation of shale gas resources of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation in the southern Huangling anticline, western Hubei Province. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 41(1), 31–37 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz201901031. |
Li MW, Jin ZJ, Dong MZ, Ma XX, Li ZM, Jiang QG, Bao YJ, Tao GT, Qian MH, Liu P, Cao TT. 2020. Advances in the basic study of lacustrine shale evolution and shale oil accumulation. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 42(4), 489–505 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202004489. |
Li SZ, Jiang WL, Wang Q, Liu LJ. 2013. Research status and currently existent problems of shale gas geological survey and evaluation in China. Geological bulletin of China, 32(9), 1440–1446 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Li SZ, Meng FY, Zhang XT, Zhou Z, Shen B, Wei S, Zhang SS. 2021. Gas composition and carbon isotopic variation during shale gas desorption: Implication from the Ordovician Wufeng Formation - Silurian Longmaxi Formation in west Hubei, China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 87, 103777. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103777. |
Li SZ, Qiao DW, Feng ZG, Liu LJ, Wang Q, Nie HK. 2010. The status of worldwide shale gas exploration and its suggestion for China. Geological bulletin of China, 29(6), 918–924 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Li SJ, Li YQ, He ZL, Chen K, Zhou Y, Yan DT. 2020. Differential deformation on two sides of Qiyueshan Fault along the eastern margin of Sichuan Basin, China, and its influence on shale gas preservation. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 121, 104602. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104602. |
Liang C, Jiang ZX, Cao YC, Wu MH, Guo L, Zhang CM. 2016. Deep-water depositional mechanisms and significance for unconventional hydrocarbon exploration: A case study from the lower Silurian Longmaxi shale in the southeastern Sichuan Basin. AAPG Bulletin, 100(5), 773–794. doi: 10.1306/02031615002. |
Liang ML, Wang ZX, Gao L, Li CL, Li HJ. 2017. Evolution of pore structure in gas shale related to structural deformation. Fuel, 197, 310–319. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.035. |
Liang X, Xu ZY, Zhang Z, Wang WX, Zhang JH, Lu HL, Zhang L, Zou C, Wang GC, Mei J, Rui Y. 2020a. Breakthrough of shallow shale gas exploration in Taiyang anticline area and its significance for resource development in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(1), 12–29. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(20)60002-7. |
Liang X, Zhang TS, Shu HL, Min HJ, Zhang Z, Zhang L. 2020b. Evaluation of shale gas resource potential of Longmaxi Formation in Zhaotong National Shale Gas Demonstration Area in the Northern Yunnan-Guizhou. Geology in China, 47(1), 72–87 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.12029/gc20200106. |
Liu R, Zheng J, Hao F, Nie Z, Heng D, Tan XC, Jiang DC. 2020. Variation in pore systems with tectonic stress in the overthrust Wufeng-Longmaxi shale of the southern Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 83, 103617. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103617. |
Liu HL, Wang HC, Zhang H, Zhao WB, Liu Y, Liu DX. 2020. Geological characteristics and exploration countermeasures of shale gas in the Shanxi Formation of the Ordos basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 94(3), 905–915 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Liu ZQ, Guo SB, Lü R. 2020. Shale-gas play risk of the lower Cambrian on the Yangtze platform, South China. AAPG Bulletin, 104(5), 989–1009. doi: 10.1306/10031918148. |
Long SX, Cao Y, Zhu J, Zhu T, Wang F. 2016. A preliminary study on prospects for shale gas industry in China and relevant issues. Oil & Gas Geology, 37(6), 847–853 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11743/ogg20160606. |
Long SX, Feng DJ, Li FX, Du W. 2018. Prospect of the deep marine shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 29(4), 443–451 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2018.03.007. |
Ma XH, Xie J, Yong R, Zhu YQ. 2020. Geological characteristics and high production controlling factors of shale gas reservoirs in Silurian Longmaxi Formation, southern Sichuan Basin, SW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 47(5), 901–915. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(20)60105-7. |
Ma YS, Cai XY, Zhao PR. 2018. China’s shale gas exploration and development: Understanding and practice. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(4), 589–603. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(18)30065-X. |
Nie HK, Bao SJ, Gao B, Bian JK, Zhang PX, Wu XL, Ye X, Chen XJ. 2012. A study of shale gas preservation conditions for the Lower Paleozoic in Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Earth Science Frontiers, 19(3), 280–294 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Nie HK, Jin ZJ, Bian RK, Du W. 2016. The “source-cap hydrocarbon-controlling” enrichment of shale gas in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 37(5), 557–571 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb201605001. |
Nie HK, Li DH, Liu GX, Lu ZY, Wang H, Wang RY, Zhang GR. 2020. An overview of the geology and production of the Fuling shale gas field, Sichuan Basin, China. Energy Geoscience, 1 (3–4), 147–164. doi: 10.1016/j.engeos.2020.06.005. |
Nie HK, Wang H, He ZL, Wang RY, Zhang PX, Peng YM. 2019. Formation mechanism, distribution and exploration prospect of normal pressure shale gas reservoir: A case study of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 40(2), 131–143 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb201902001. |
Pedersen TF, Calvert SE. 1990. Anoxia vs. productivity: What controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks? AAPG Bulletin, 74(4), 454–466. doi: 10.1306/0C9B232B-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D. |
Pommer M, Milliken K. 2015. Pore types and pore-size distributions across thermal maturity, Eagle Ford Formation, southern Texas. AAPG Bulletin, 99(9), 1713–1744. doi: 10.1306/03051514151. |
Ross DJK, Bustin R. 2008. Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of devonian-mississippian strata in the Western Canada sedimentary basin: Application of an integrated formation evaluation. AAPG Bulletin, 92(1), 87–125. doi: 10.1306/09040707048. |
Sageman BB, Murphy AE, Werne JP, Straeten CV, Hollander DJ, Lyons TW. 2003. A tale of shales: The relative roles of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian Basin. Chemical Geology, 195, 229–273. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00397-2. |
Shi ZS, Qiu Z. 2021. Main bedding types of marine fine-grained sediments and their significance for oil and gas exploration and development. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 39(1), 181–196 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.097. |
Sun HQ, Zhou DH, Cai XY, Wang F, Feng DJ, Lu T. 2020. Progress and prospects in shale gas development of Sinopec. China Petroleum Exploration, 25(2), 14–26 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.02.002. |
Sun LD, Fang CL, Li F, Zhu RK, Zhang YH, Yuan XJ, Jia AL, Gao XJ, Su L. 2015. Innovations and challenges of sedimentology in oil and gas exploration and development. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(2), 143–151. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(15)30001-X. |
Tang X, Zhang JC, Ding WL, Yu BS, Wang L, Ma YL, Yang YT. 2016. The reservoir property of the Upper Paleozoic marine-continental transitional shale and its gas-bearing capacity in the Southeastern Ordos Basin. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(2), 147–157 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13745/j.esf.2016.02.015. |
Wang AM, Cao DY, Wei YC, Nie J, Qin RF. 2020. Study on effects of brittle and ductile deformation to pore structures of shales in coal measures: A case study of Juhugeng mining area of Qinghai Province. Coal Science and Technology. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2402.TD.20200507.1541.004.html. |
Wang C, Zhang BQ, Lu YC, Shu ZG, Lu YQ, Bao HY, Meng ZY, Chen L. 2018. Lithofacies distribution characteristics and main development controlling factors of shale in Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of Longmaxi Formation in Jiaoshiba area. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 39(6), 631–644 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb201806003. |
Wang PF, Jiang ZX, Yang CH, Jin C, Lü P, Wang HH. 2019. Organic pore development characteristics of Longmaxi and Niutitang shales in the periphery of Chongqing. Lithologic Reservoirs, 31(3), 27–36 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20190304. |
Wang PF, Jin C, Zang XP, Tian QN, Liu G, Cui WJ. 2020. Development characteristics and evolution of organic matter pores of marine shale in southeastern Chongqing. Lithologic Reservoirs, 32(5), 46–53 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.12108/yxyqc.20200505. |
Wang PW, Chen ZL, He XY, Dong L, Xu ZY, Ma LQ, Dong Y, Huang L. 2012. Shale gas accumulation conditions and play evaluation of the Devonian in Guizhong Depression. Oil & Gas Geology, 33(3), 353–363 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11743/ogg20120304. |
Wang W, Shi WB, Fu XP, Chen C. 2020. Shale gas exploration potential and target of Permian Dalong Formation in northern Sichuan. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 42(6), 892–899 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202006892. |
Wang XZ. 2018. Advances and prospects in oil and gas exploration and development of Shanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co. , Ltd. China Petroleum Exploration, 23 (1), 36–43 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2018.01.004. |
Wang XZ, Gao SL, Gao C. 2014. Geological features of Mesozoic lacustrine shale gas in south of Ordos Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(3), 326–337. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(14)60037-9. |
Wang YM, Dong DZ, Cheng XZ, Huang JL, Wang SF, Wang SQ. 2014. Electric property evidences of the carbonification of organic matters in marine shales and its geologic significance: A case of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Shale in southern Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 34(08), 1–7 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2014.08.001. |
Wang YM, Li XJ, Chen B, Wu W, Dong DZ, Zhang J, Han J, Ma J, Dai B, Wang H, Jiang S. 2018. Lower limit of thermal maturity for the carbonization of organic matter in marine shale and its exploration risk. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(3), 402–411. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(18)30045-4. |
Wang YM, Wang SF, Dong DZ. 2016. Lithofacies characterization of Longmaxi Formation of the Lower Silurian, southern Sichuan. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(1), 119–133 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13745/j.esf.2016.01.011. |
Wang ZG. 2015. Breakthrough of Fuling shale gas exploration and development and its inspiration. Oil and Gas Geology, 36(1), 1–6 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11743/ogg20150101. |
Wang ZP, Zhang Q, Liu ZP, Li YC, Li YZ, He F, Zhao H. 2021. Efficient development technology slope-type strongly heterogeneous shale gas reservoirs: A case study on the Longmaxi Formation shale gas reservoir in Weiyuan area of the southern Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Industry, 41(4), 72–81. doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2021.04.008. |
Wei XF, Liu ZJ, Wang Q, Wei FB, Yuan T. 2020. Analysis and thinking of the difference of Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas enrichment conditions between Dingshan and Jiaoshiba areas in southeastern Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 31(8), 1041–1051 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2020.02.011. |
Wu LY, Hu DF, Lu YC, Liu RB, Liu XF. 2016. Advantageous shale lithofacies of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in Fuling gas field of Sichuan Basin, SW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 43(2), 189–197. doi: 10.11698/PED.2016.02.04. |
Xia BD, Lu HL, Wu YG, Yang HM. 1992. The Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi rift system. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 14(1), 20–30 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz199201020. |
Xu ZY, Jiang S, Xiong SY, Liang X, Wang GC, Guo YL, He Y, Rao DQ. 2015. Characteristics and depositional model of the lower Paleozoic organic rich shale in the Yangtze continental block. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 33(1), 21–35 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2015.01.003. |
Xue CQ, Zhong JH, Hou MX, Li FT, Peng CF. 2019. Sedimentary facies distribution and the characteristics of transitional shale in the upper Palaeozoic in northeast Ordos basin, China. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12(16), 1–10. doi: 10.1007/s12517-019-4669-5. |
Yang YR, Meng FY, Bai MG, Zhang JZ, Xia XH, Bao SJ, Hu ZF, Zhang C Wang YF, Song T, Wang XH, Yu WX. 2020. An analysis of reservoir characteristics, resources and exploration prospects of the oldest shale gas in the world. Geology in China, 47(1), 14–28 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.12029/gc20200102. |
Yang YR, Liu XC, Zhang H, Zhai GY, Zhang JD, Hu ZF, Bao SJ, Zhang C, Wang XH, Yang X, Liu ZZ, Xie T, Chen J, Fang LY, Qin LJ. 2019. A review and research on comprehensive characterization of microscopic shale gas reservoir space. China Geology, 2(4), 541–556. doi: 10.31035/cg2018116. |
Yang YM, Chen YL, Liu SY, Deng B, Xu H, Chen LQ, Li DY, Yin YZ, Li Y. 2021. Status, potential and prospect of shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Natural Gas Industry, 41(1), 42–58 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2021.01.004. |
Yu GC, Wei XF, Li F, Liu ZJ. 2020. Disruptive effects of faulting on shale gas preservation in Upper Yangtze region. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 42(3), 355–362 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202003355. |
Yuan T, Wei XF, Zhang HR, Li CY, Wei FB, Lu HF, Wang Q. 2020. Shale petrofacies division of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 42(3), 371–377 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202003371. |
Yuan XJ, Lin SH, Qun L, Yao JL, Wang L, Guo H, Deng XQ, Cheng DW. 2015. Lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary features and organic-rich shale distribution pattern: A case study of Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(1), 37–47. doi: 10.11698/PED.2015.01.04. |
Zeng YF, Liu WJ, Chen HD, Zheng RC, Zhang JQ, Li XQ, Jiang TC. 1992. The sedimentary characteristics and structural evolution of the Youjiang composite basin. Geology of Guangxi, 5(4), 1–14 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Zhai GY, Bao SJ, Wang YF, Chen K, Wang SJ, Zhou Z, Song T, Li HH. 2017. Reservoir accumulation model at the edge of palaeohigh and significant discovery of shale gas in Yichang Area, Hubei Province. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 38(4), 441–447 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2017.04.01. |
Zhai GY, Wang YF, Bao SJ, Guo TX, Zhou Z, Chen XL, Wang JZ. 2017. Major factors controlling the accumulation and high productivity of marine shale gas and prospect forecastin Southern China. Earth Science, 42(7), 1057–1068 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.085. |
Zhai GY, Wang YF, Zhou Z, Liu GH, Yang YR, Li J. 2018. “Source-Diagenesis-Accumulation” enrichment and accumulation regularity of marine shale gas in southern China. China Geology, 1(3), 319–330. doi: 10.31035/cg2018059. |
Zhai GY, Wang YF, Zhou Z, Yu SF, Chen XL, Zhang YX. 2018. Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China. China Geology, 1(2), 257–272. doi: 10.31035/cg2018024. |
Zhang CC, Peng WQ, Hu CP, Li Z, Gao BY, Li ZM, Zhang W, Wang YP, Gao HL, Zhang GL, Song L. 2020. Characteristics and resource potential of main shale gas reservoirs in Shandong Province. Acta Geologica Sinica, 94(11), 3421–3435 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2020254. |
Zhang CL, Zhao SX, Zhang J, Chang C, Xia ZQ, Cao LY, Tian C, Feng JR, Fang Y, Zhou Y. 2021. Analysis and enlightenment of the difference of enrichment conditions for deep shale gas in southern Sichuan Basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 32(2), 248–261 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2020.11.020. |
Zhang JC, Li YX, Nie HK, Long PY, Tang Y, Tang X, Jiang WL. 2010. Geologic setting and drilling effect of the shale cored Well Yuye 1, Penshui County of Chongqing. Natural Gas Industry, 30(12), 114–118 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2010.12.028. |
Zhang JF, Xu H, Zhou Z, Ren PF, Guo JZ, Wang Q. 2019. Geological characteristics of shale gas reservoir in Yichang area, Western Hubei. Acta Pctrolci Sinica, 40(8), 887–899 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.7623/syxb201908001. |
Zhao WZ, Jia AL, Wei YS, Wang JL, Zhu HQ. 2020. Progress in shale gas exploration in China and Prospects for future development. China Petroleum Exploration, 25(1), 31–44 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.01.004. |
Zhou DH, Sun CX, Liu ZB, Nie HK. 2020. Geological characteristics of continental shale gas reservoir in the Jurassic Da’anzhai member in the northeastern Sichuan Basin. China Petroleum Exploration, 25(5), 32–42 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2020.05.005. |
Zhou Y, Zhu DY, Meng QQ, Zhang DW, Wo YJ. 2014. Geological conditions and exploration potential shale gas in Central Guangxi basin, China. Journal of Chendu University of technology (Science and Technology Edition), 41(5), 529–537 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Zhou Z, Zhai GY, Shi DS, Wang SJ, Guo TX, Liu YM, Wang H. 2019. Shale gas reservoir geology of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei and northeastern Chongqing. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2019,41(1), 1–9 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz201901001. |
Zhu HJ, Ju YW, Qi Y, Huang C, Zhang L. 2018. Impact of tectonism on pore type and pore structure evolution in organic-rich shale: Implications for gas storage and migration pathways in naturally deformed rocks. Fuel, 228, 272–289. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.137. |
Zhu HJ, Ju YW, Sun Y, Huang C, Feng HY, Ali R, Yu K, Qiao P, Xiao L. 2021. Evolution characteristics and models of shale pores and fractures under tectonic deformation: A case study of the Lower Paleozoic marine shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Oil and Gas Geology, 42(1), 186–200 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11743/ogg20210116. |
Zhu T. 2020. Main controlling factors and types of continental shale oil and gas enrichment in Sichuan Basin. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 42(3), 345–354 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11781/sysydz202003345. |
Zhu T, Yu LJ, Wang F. 2017. Comparative analysis of the accumulation conditions and development strategies of the marine and lacustrine shale gas from the Sichuan Basin, China. Natural Gas Geoscience, 28(4), 633–641 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2017.02.003. |
Zhu ZH, Yao GS, Lou ZM, Jin AM, Zhu R, Jin C, Chen C. 2018. Upper Paleozoic marine shale characteristics and exploration prospects in the Northwestern Guizhong Depression, South China. Journal of Ocean University of China. 17, 773–790. doi: 10.1007/s11802-018-3440-y. |
Zou CN, Dong DZ, Wang YM, Li XJ, Huang JL, Wang SF, Guan QZ, Zhang CC, Wang HY, Liu HL, Bai WH, Liang F, Lin W, Zhao Q, Liu DX, Yang Z, Liang PP, Sun SS, Qiu Z. 2015. Shale gas in China: Characteristics, challenges and prospects (I). Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(6), 753–767. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(15)30072-0. |
Zou CN, Yang Z, Sun SS, Zhao Q, Bai WH, Liu HL, Pan SQ, Wu ST, Yuan YL. 2020. “Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin. Science China Earth Sciences, 63(7), 934–953. doi: 10.1007/s11430-019-9591-5. |
Zou CN, Yang Z, Zhang GS, Hou LH, Zhu RK, Tao SZ, Yuan XJ, Dong DZ, Wang YM, Guo QL, Wang L, Bi HB, LI DH, Wu N. 2014. Conventional and unconventional petroleum “orderly accumulation”: Concept and practical significance. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(1), 14–30. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(14)60002-1. |
Zou CN, Zhao Q, Cong LZ, Wang HY, Shi ZS, Wu J, Pan SQ. 2021. Development progress, potential and prospect of shale gas in China. Natural Gas Industry, 41(1), 1–14 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2021.01.001. |
Zou CN, Zhao Q, Dong DZ, Yang Z, Qiu Z, Liang F, Wang N, Huang Y, Duan AX, Zhang Q, Hu ZM. 2017. Geological characteristics, main challenges and future prospect of shale gas. Natural Gas Geoscience, 28(12), 1781–1796 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Recoverable resources of shale gas in China assessed by different organizations (modified from Gao SK et al., 2021).
Distribution of major basins and shales in China.
Distribution of main shale strata in China.
Changes in the production and proven geological reserves of shale gas in China. a–changes in shale gas production; b‒changes in the proved geological reserves of shale gas.
Gas reservoir characteristics of Lower Paleozoic in Yichang area. a– Sinian Doushantuo Formation in Well Eyangye 1; b–Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Well Eyangye 1; c– Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Well Eyiye 2 (modified from Zhang JF et al., 2019).
The paleogeographic map of the Upper Yangtze area during the Late Ordovician (a, modified from Li SZ et al., 2021) and the stratigraphic histogram of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations (Fm.) of Well Jiaoye 1 (b, modified from Jin ZJ et al., 2016; GYQ‒Guanyinqiao, Sys.- System, WF- Wufeng).
Development characteristics of organic matter-hosted pores in Paleozoic organic rich shale. a‒Sinian Doushantuo Formation; b‒Cambrian Niutitang Formation; c‒Silurian Longmaxi Formation; d‒Permian Dalong Formation.
Structural deformation of Sichuan Basin and its periphery (modified from Guo XS et al., 2016b; Zhai GY et al., 2018a).
Enrichment and preservation modes of shale gas in China. a‒Jiaoshiba (modified from Bao HY et al., 2019; Wei XF et al., 2020); b‒Taiyang (modified from Liang X, 2020a); c‒Weiyuan (modified from Wang ZP et al., 2021); d‒Changning (modified from Zou CN et al., 2015); e‒Luzhou (modified from Zhang CL et al., 2021); f‒Dazu (modified from Zhang CL et al., 2021); g‒Dingshan (modified from Guo XS et al., 2016b; Wei XF et al., 2020); h‒Dongxi (modified from Cai XY et al., 2021); i‒Pengshui (modified from Nie HK et al., 2019); j‒Anchang (modified from Zhai GY et al., 2018a); k‒Yichang (modified from Chen XH et al., 2018a).