| Citation: |
Ming-chun Song, Zheng-jiang Ding, Jun-jin Zhang, Ying-xin Song, Jun-wei Bo, Yu-qun Wang, Hong-bo Liu, Shi-yong Li, Jie Li, Rui-xiang Li, Bin Wang, Xiang-dong Liu, Liang-liang Zhang, Lei-lei Dong, Jian Li, Chun-yan He, 2021. Geology and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit (1200 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review, China Geology, 4, 686-719. doi: 10.31035/cg2021070
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Geology and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit (1200 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review
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Abstract
The Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong Province, China is the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area, with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 5000 t. Over the past few years, breakthroughs have been made in deep prospecting at a depth of 500‒2000 m, particularly in the Sanshandao area where a huge deep gold orebody was identified. Based on previous studies and the latest prospecting progress achieved by the project team of this study, the following results are summarized. (1) 3D geological modeling results based on deep drilling core data reveal that the Sanshandao gold orefield, which was previously considered to consist of several independent deposits, is a supergiant deposit with gold resources of more than 1200 t (including 470 t under the sea area). The length of the major orebody is nearly 8 km, with a greatest depth of 2312 m below sea level and a maximum length of more than 3 km along their dip direction. (2) Thick gold orebodies in the Sanshandao gold deposit mainly occur in the specific sections of the ore-controlling fault where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently inclined, forming a stepped metallogenic model from shallow to deep level. The reason for this strong structural control on mineralization forms is that when ore-forming fluids migrated along faults, the pressure of fluids greatly fluctuated in fault sections where the fault dip angle changed. Since the solubility of gold in the ore-forming fluid is sensitive to fluid pressure, these sections along the fault plane serve as the target areas for deep prospecting. (3) Thermal uplifting-extensional structures provide thermodynamic conditions, migration pathways, and deposition spaces for gold mineralization. Meanwhile, the changes in mantle properties induced the transformation of the geochemical properties of the lower crust and magmatic rocks. This further led to the reactivation of ore-forming elements, which provided rich materials for gold mineralization. (4) It can be concluded from previous research results that the gold mineralization in the Jiaodong gold deposits occurred at about 120 Ma, which was superimposed by nonferrous metals mineralization at 118‒111 Ma. The fluids were dominated by primary mantle water or magmatic water. Metamorphic water occurred in the early stage of the gold mineralization, while the fluid composition was dominated by meteoric water in the late stage. The S, Pb, and Sr isotopic compositions of the ores are similar to those of ore-hosting rocks, indicating that the ore-forming materials mainly derive from crustal materials, with the minor addition of mantle-derived materials. The gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula were formed in an extensional tectonic environment during the transformation of the physical and chemical properties of the lithospheric mantle, which is different from typical orogenic gold deposits. Thus, it is proposed that they are named “Jiaodong-type” gold deposits.
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Ming-chun Song, Zheng-jiang Ding, Jun-jin Zhang, Ying-xin Song, Jun-wei Bo, Yu-qun Wang, Hong-bo Liu, Shi-yong Li, Jie Li, Rui-xiang Li, Bin Wang, Xiang-dong Liu, Liang-liang Zhang, Lei-lei Dong, Jian Li, Chun-yan He, 2021. Geology and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit (1200 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China: A review, China Geology, 4, 686-719. doi: 10.31035/cg2021070
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Figure 1.
Regional geological sketch map and gold deposit distribution of the Jiaodong Peninsula. 1‒Quaternary; 2‒Cretaceous; 3‒Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic; 4‒Neoproterozoic with eclogite granitic gneiss; 5‒Archean granite-greenstone belt; 6‒Cretaceous Laoshan-type granites; 7‒Cretaceous Weideshan-type granites; 8‒Cretaceous Guojialing-type granites; 9‒Jurassic granitoids; 10‒Triassic granitoids; 11‒geological conformity/unconformity; 12‒fault; 13‒shallow gold deposits (very large and large/medium-sized and small); 14‒deep gold deposits (very large and large/medium-sized and small); 15‒gold deposit of altered rock type/quartz vein type/altered breccia type; 16‒supergiant Sanshandao gold deposit. ME1‒Jiaoxibei metallogenetic sub-region; ME2‒Qipengfu metallogenetic sub-region; ME3‒Mouru metallogenetic sub-region; F1‒Sanshandao fault; F2‒Jiaojia fault; F3‒Zhaoping fault; F4‒Xilin-Douya fault; F5‒Jinniushan fault.
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Figure 2.
Geological maps of northwest Jiaodong Peninsula (a) and Sanshandao gold deposit (b). 1–Quaternary; 2–Cretaceous; 3–Early Precambrian metamorphic rock series; 4–Cretaceous Laoshan-type granites; 5–Cretaceous Weideshan-type granites; 6–Cretaceous Guojialing-type granites; 7–Jurassic Linglong-type granites; 8–geological conformity/unconformity; 9–fault/main ore-controlling fault; 10–shallow large/medium-small gold deposit; 11–deep large/medium-small gold deposit projected to the surface; 12–alteration zone of Sanshandao fault; 13–ore block boundary. F1–Sanshandao fault; F2–Jiaojia fault; F3–Zhaoping fault.
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Figure 3.
Petrochemical classification diagram of intrusions related to gold mineralization and gold orebodies in the Jiaodong Peninsula (after Song MC et al., 2020a for the ranges of Linglong, Guojialing, Weideshan, and Laoshan-type granites).
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Figure 4.
Geological map of bedrocks in the Sanshandao fault.
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Figure 5.
Fault gouges on the main fracture plane in the Sanshandao ore block (a) and sea-area ore block (b) of the Sanshandao gold deposit.
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Figure 6.
Comprehensive schematic diagram of lithologic zoning of the alteration zones and fractured zones in the Sanshandao fault.
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Figure 7.
Combined section of exploration lines (a) and 3D view of a fault plane (b) of the sea-area ore block in Sanshandao gold deposit (after Song MC et al., 2015a).
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Figure 8.
Photos of altered rocks in Sanshandao gold deposit (a–h explanations see the text).
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Figure 9.
Vertical longitudinal projection of main orebodies in the Sanshandao gold deposit.
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Figure 10.
Vertical thickness and grade contour maps of the Sanshandao gold deposit. a–thickness contour map, b‒grade contour map, c–grade×thickness contour map.
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Figure 11.
Map showing the horizontal projection of the middle section at an elevation of −400 m (a) and the section of No. 30 exploration line (b) of the sea-area ore block in the Sanshandao gold deposit.
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Figure 12.
Three-dimensional perspectives of ore-controlling faults (a) and main orebody distribution (b) of the Sanshandao gold deposit.
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Figure 13.
Histograms of the distribution of orebody thickness (a) and gold grade (b) of the Sanshandao gold deposit.
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Figure 14.
Three-dimensional distribution maps of the thickness (a) and gold grade (b, grade values magnified by 10 times) of orebodies in the Sanshandao gold deposit.
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Figure 15.
Photos of main gold ore types in the Sanshandao gold deposit. a–disseminated beresite type; b–veinlet-stockwork beresite type; c–veinlet-stockwork beresitized granite cataclasite type; d–veinlet-stockwork potassiumized and beresitized granite type.
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Figure 16.
Curves showing relationships of (Fe2O3+FeO) vs. S (a), Au vs. Ag (b), Au/Ag vs. As/Sb (c), and (Au+Ag) vs. (Cu+Pb) (d) of ores.
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Figure 18.
Diagrams showing characteristics of gold minerals in the Sanshandao gold deposit. a–line chart of trace element contents in gold minerals; b–histogram of gold mineral contents; c–histogram of grain size of gold minerals; d–histogram of occurrence state of gold minerals.
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Figure 17.
Granular lepidoblastic texture (a), cataclastic texture (b), metasomatic texture (c), and veinlet texture (d) of ores.
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Figure 19.
Gold minerals are distributed in pyrite pores and among pyrite and gangue mineral grains in an angular granular or flaky form (a), and chalcopyrites and gangue minerals in a branch-like form (b).
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Figure 20.
δD vs. δ18O diagram of ore-forming fluids in the Sanshandao gold deposit (after Taylor HP, 1974; Sheppard SMF,1986 for the base map).
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Figure 21.
Sulfur isotopic compositions of ores and geological bodies related to gold mineralization in the Sanshandao gold deposit (after Li JJ, 2006 for geological bodies related to gold mineralization).
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Figure 22.
Tectonic setting discrimination diagram of Pb isotopes in ores in the Sanshandao gold deposit (after Zartman RE and Dou BR, 1981). Note: the reference ranges of Jiaodong gold deposits are from Yang LQ et al., 2014.
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Figure 23.
Diagrams showing the relationships between the fault dip angle vs. the value of grade×thickness of orebodies along with the fault dip direction (a) and along the fault strike (b) in sea-area ore block of the Sanshandao gold deposit.
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Figure 24.
Thermal uplifting-extensional metallogenic model for the Jiaodong-type gold deposits (a) and the Sanshandao gold deposit (b).
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Figure 25.
Stepped metallogenic model of Jiaodong-type gold deposits (Song MC et al., 2020b).