| Citation: |
Yi Guo, Feng Wang, Da-jun Qin, Zhan-feng Zhao, Fu-ping Gan, Bai-kun Yan, Juan Bai, Haji Muhammed, 2021. Hydrodynamic characteristics of a typical karst spring system based on time series analysis in northern China, China Geology, 4, 433-445. doi: 10.31035/cg2021049
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Hydrodynamic characteristics of a typical karst spring system based on time series analysis in northern China
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Abstract
In order to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst aquifers in northern China, time series analyses (correlation and spectral analysis in addition with hydrograph recession analysis) are applied on Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring in Jinan karst spring system, a typical karst spring system in northern China. Results show that the auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 after 123 days and 117 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring, respectively. The regulation time obtained from the simple spectral density function in the same period is 187 days and 175 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring. The auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 in 34–82 days, and regulation time ranges among 40–59 days for every single hydrological year. The delay time between precipitation and spring water level obtained from cross correlation function is around 56 days for the period of 2012–2019, and varies among 30–79 days for every single hydrological year. In addition, the spectral bands in cross amplitude functions and gain functions are small with 0.02, and the values in the coherence functions are small. All these behaviors illustrate that Jinan karst spring system has a strong memory effect, large storage capacity, noticeable regulation effect, and time series analysis is a useful tool for studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of karst spring system in northern China.
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References
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Yi Guo, Feng Wang, Da-jun Qin, Zhan-feng Zhao, Fu-ping Gan, Bai-kun Yan, Juan Bai, Haji Muhammed, 2021. Hydrodynamic characteristics of a typical karst spring system based on time series analysis in northern China, China Geology, 4, 433-445. doi: 10.31035/cg2021049
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Figure 1.
Location and geomorphology map of Jinan karst spring system, Shandong Province.
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Figure 2.
Geological condition map of Jinan City, Shandong Province.
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Figure 3.
Time series of precipitation (a), spring water level (b) and discharge (c).
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Figure 4.
Recession curve of spring hydrograph in 2019 and 2020 (a), in 2013, 2014 and 2018 (b), in 2016 and 2017 (c) and in 2012 and 2015 (d) Jinan spring system.
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Figure 5.
Auto-correlation functions of precipitation (2012–2019) and spring water level (2012–2020) with truncation point of 910 and 1040 (BTQ–Baotu Spring; HHQ–Heihu Spring; JNS–Jinan station; ZQS–Zhangqiu station). a–Auto-correlation functions of precipitation in Jinan Station for every hydrological years with truncation point of 120; b–auto-correlation functions of water level of Baotu Spring for every hydrological years with truncation point of 120 (c).
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Figure 6.
Simple spectrum density functions of precipitation (2012–2019) and spring water level (2012–2020) (BTQ–Baotu Spring; HHQ–Heihu Spring; JNS–Jinan station; ZQS–Zhangqiu station) (a) ; Simple spectrum density functions of precipitation in Jinan Station for every hydrological years (b); Simple spectrum density functions of water level of Baotu Spring for every hydrological years (c).
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Figure 7.
Cross correlation function between precipitation in Jinan station (a) and Zhangqiu station (b) with the spring water level for 2012–2019. (BTQ–Baotu Spring; HHQ–Heihu Spring).
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Figure 8.
Variations of cross amplitudes (a), gain functions (b), coherence functions (c) and phase functions (b) at different frequency in Jinan karst spring system. (JNS–BTQ indicates JNS is input and BTQ is output, the rest are similar (BTQ–Baotu Spring; HHQ–Heihu Spring; JNS–Jinan station; ZQS–Zhangqiu station).
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Figure 9.
Relationship between daily precipitation with spring water level (a), monthly precipitation with spring water level (b), annual precipitation with spring water level (c), precipitation with recession coefficient (d) (P2, P3, P4, P5 corresponding to the values of Table 1).
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Figure 10.
Relationship between precipitation and delay time (The dalay time between precipitation in Jinan Station and water level of Baotu Spring (a); The delay time between precipitation in Zhangqiu Station and water level of Heihu Spring (b)).