| Citation: |
Yao Wang, Chi-hui Guo, Shu-rong Zhuang, Xi-jie Chen, Li-qiong Jia, Ze-yu Chen, Zi-long Xia, Zhen Wu, 2021. Major contribution to carbon neutrality by China’s geosciences and geological technologies, China Geology, 4, 329-352. doi: 10.31035/cg2021037
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Major contribution to carbon neutrality by China’s geosciences and geological technologies
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Abstract
In the context of global climate change, geosciences provide an important geological solution to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, China’s geosciences and geological technologies can play an important role in solving the problem of carbon neutrality. This paper discusses the main problems, opportunities, and challenges that can be solved by the participation of geosciences in carbon neutrality, as well as China’s response to them. The main scientific problems involved and the geological work carried out mainly fall into three categories: (1) Carbon emission reduction technology (natural gas hydrate, geothermal, hot dry rock, nuclear energy, hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy); (2) carbon sequestration technology (carbon capture and storage, underground space utilization); (3) key minerals needed to support carbon neutralization (raw materials for energy transformation, carbon reduction technology). Therefore, geosciences and geological technologies are needed: First, actively participate in the development of green energy such as natural gas, geothermal energy, hydropower, hot dry rock, and key energy minerals, and develop exploration and exploitation technologies such as geothermal energy and natural gas; the second is to do a good job in geological support for new energy site selection, carry out an in-depth study on geotechnical feasibility and mitigation measures, and form the basis of relevant economic decisions to reduce costs and prevent geological disasters; the third is to develop and coordinate relevant departments of geosciences, organize and carry out strategic research on natural resources, carry out theoretical system research on global climate change and other issues under the guidance of earth system science theory, and coordinate frontier scientific information and advanced technological tools of various disciplines. The goal of carbon neutrality provides new opportunities and challenges for geosciences research. In the future, it is necessary to provide theoretical and technical support from various aspects, enhance the ability of climate adaptation, and support the realization of the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.
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Keywords:
- Carbon neutrality /
- Carbon peaking /
- Carbon emissions /
- Carbon sequestration /
- Key minerals /
- Renewable energy /
- Climate change /
- Geosciences /
- Geological technology /
- China
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Yao Wang, Chi-hui Guo, Shu-rong Zhuang, Xi-jie Chen, Li-qiong Jia, Ze-yu Chen, Zi-long Xia, Zhen Wu, 2021. Major contribution to carbon neutrality by China’s geosciences and geological technologies, China Geology, 4, 329-352. doi: 10.31035/cg2021037
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Figure 1.
Power source structure in China (Liu MP, 2021).
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Figure 2.
China’s major climate policies in recent years (Liu MP, 2021).
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Figure 3.
The exploration history of Natural Gas Hydrate resource in China (CGS, 2019).
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Figure 4.
Depositional basins and gas hydrate surveying in the northern South China Sea (Wu SG and Wang JL, 2018).
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Figure 5.
Blue Whale Ⅰ-conducting the first NGH production test in the South China Sea. The production test platform ’BLUEWHALE #1’ (a) and the flame from the venting gas (b) (Li JF et al., 2018).
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Figure 6.
Blue Whale II-conducting the second NGH production test in the South China Sea.
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Figure 7.
Application of geothermal energy in China. Yangbajing geothermal power station (a); geothermal heating in Baicheng City, Jilin Province (b); geothermal energy vegetable greenhouse in Yangling, China (c); and geothermal energy fish culture in Xiong’an, China (d).
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Figure 8.
Distribution of geothermal energy in China (Wang GL et al., 2018).
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Figure 9.
Construction drawing of hot dry rock site in Gonghe County, Qinghai Province (Source from Internet).
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Figure 10.
Main distributing map of the nuclear energy in China (Xu BC et al., 2010).
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Figure 11.
Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in China (Source: Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operation Management Co., Ltd).
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Figure 12.
China’s Three Gorges Dam (Source: www.vcg.com).
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Figure 13.
Wind power generation in Tibet (Source: www.vcg.com).
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Figure 14.
China’s solar energy resources. Grid parity in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan is not analyzed. (Zhang MH and Zhang Q, 2020).
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Figure 15.
Cumulative installed PV capacity by the province in China (Data source:
http://www.chinapv.org.cn/road_map/802.html ). -
Figure 16.
“Super Mirror” Power Station in Dunhuang, China (Source: AFP/GETTY IMAGES).
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Figure 17.
The number of hydrogen refueling stations built in China each year (Data source: China Hydrogen Energy Alliance).
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Figure 18.
Drilling hydrogen energy in Shaanxi Province, China (Source from Internet).
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Figure 19.
China’s emission reduction scenarios based on the C-GEM model (ADB, 2015).
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Figure 20.
Pilot test of carbon dioxide flooding and geological storage in Cainan Oilfield, Xinjiang (a) and CO2 industrial burial experiment (b) (Source from Internet).
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Figure 21.
Principle of compressed air.
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Figure 22.
Some key minerals supporting carbon emission reduction. a–lithium ore (kunzite), b–rare earth ore, c–tungsten ore (scheelite), d–copper ore (Source: Journal of China University of Mining and Technology).
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Figure 23.
Pie chart of the distribution of crystalline graphite resources in China (Sun L et al., 2018).
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Figure 24.
Distribution of serpentine deposits in China (Dong FQ et al., 2015).
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Figure 25.
China’s energy consumption structure from 2002 to 2018 (Liu MP, 2021).