| Citation: |
Le Zhang, Zhi-lei Sun, Wei Geng, Hong Cao, Yi-chao Qin, Cui-ling Xu, Xian-rong Zhang, Xin Li, Xi-lin Zhang, Hui-ling Song, 2019. Advances in the microbial mineralization of seafloor hydrothermal systems, China Geology, 2, 227-237. doi: 10.31035/cg2018087
|
Advances in the microbial mineralization of seafloor hydrothermal systems
-
Abstract
Research on the biomineralization in modern seafloor hydrothermal systems is conducive to unveiling the mysteries of the early Earth’s history, life evolution, subsurface biosphere and microbes in outer space. The hydrothermal biomineralization has become a focus of geo-biological research in the last decade, since the introduction of the microelectronic technology and molecular biology technology. Microorganisms play a critical role in the formations of oxide/hydroxides (e.g. Fe, Mn, S and Si oxide/hydroxides) and silicates on the seafloor hydrothermal systems globally. Furthermore, the biomineralization of modern chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms is regarded as a nexus between the geosphere and the biosphere, and as an essential complement of bioscience and geology. In this paper, we summarize the research progress of hydrothermal biomineralization, including the biogenic minerals, the microbial biodiversity, and also the interactions between minerals and microorganisms. In the foreseeable future, the research on hydrothermal biomineralization will inspire the development of geosciences and biosciences and thus enrich our knowledge of the Earth’s history, life evolution and even astrobiology.
-
-
References
[1] Al-Hanbali HS, Sowerby SJ, Holm NG. 2001. Biogenicity of silicified microbes from a hydrothermal system: relevance to the search for evidence of life on earth and other planets. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 191, 213–218. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00421-6 [2] Alt JC. 1988. Hydrothermal oxide and nontronite deposits on seamounts in the eastern Pacific. Marine Geology, 81, 227–239. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(88)90029-1 [3] Baross JA, Hoffman SE. 1985. Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 15, 327–345. doi: 10.1007/BF01808177 [4] Bekker A, Holland HD, Wang PL, Rumble D, Stein HJ, Hannah JL, Coetzee LL, Beukes NJ. 2004. Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature, 427, 117–120. doi: 10.1038/nature02260 [5] Bennett SA, Achterberg EP, Connelly DP, Statham PJ, Fones GR, German CR. 2008. The distribution and stabilisation of dissolved Fe in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 270, 157–167. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2008.01.048 [6] Cao H, Sun ZL, Liu CL, Liu ET, Jiang XJ, Huang W. 2018. Origin of natural sulfur-metal chimney in the Tangyin hydrothermal field, Okinawa Trough: constraints from rare earth element and sulfur isotopic compositions. China Geology, 1(2), 225–235. doi: 10.31035/cg2018023 [7] Casella LA. 2017. Experimental diagenesis: insights into aragonite to calcite transformation of Arctica islandica shells by hydrothermal treatment. Biogeosciences, 14, 1461–1492. doi: 10.5194/bg-14-1461-2017 [8] Chan CS, Fakra SC, Emerson D, Fleming EJ, Edwards KJ. 2010. Lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria produce organic stalks to control mineral growth: implications for biosignature formation. The ISME Journal, 1–11. [9] Connell L, Barrett A, Templeton A, Staudigel H. 2009. Fungal diversity associated with an active deep sea volcano: Vailulu’u Seamount, Samoa. Geomicrobiology Journal, 26, 597–605. doi: 10.1080/01490450903316174 [10] Corliss JB, Baross JA, Hoffman SE. 1981. An hypothesis concerning the relationship between submarine hot springs and the origin of life on Earth. Oceanologica Acta, 4(suppl), 59–69. [11] Corliss JB, Dymond J, Gordon LI, Edmond JM, von Herzen RP, Ballard RD, Green K, Williams D, Bainbridge A, Crane K, van Andel TH. 1979. Submarine thermal sprirngs on the Galápagos rift. Science, 203, 1073–1083. doi: 10.1126/science.203.4385.1073 [12] Cornell RM, Schwertmann U. 1997. The iron oxides: Properties, reactions, occurrences and uses. Mineralogical Magazine, 61(408), 740–741. doi: 10.1180/minmag.1997.061.408.20 [13] Cox JS, Smith DS, Warren LA, Ferris FG. 1999. Characterizing heterogeneous bacterial surface functional groups using discrete affinity spectra for proton binding. Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 4514–4521. [14] Dauphas N, John SG, Rouxel O. 2017. Iron isotope systematics. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 82, 415–510. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2017.82.11 [15] Dekov VM, Kamenov GD, Stummeyer J, Thiry M, Savellie C, Shanks WC, Forting D, Kuzmann E, Vértes A. 2007. Hydrothermal nontronite formation at Eolo Seamount (Aeolian volcanic arc, Tyrrhenian Sea). Chemical Geology, 245, 103–119. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.08.006 [16] Dekov VM, Kamenov GD, Savelli C, Stummeyer J, Thirye M, Shanks WC, Willingham AL, Boycheva TB, Rochette P, Kuzmann E, Fortin D, Vértes A. 2009. Metalliferous sediments from Eolo Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea): Hydrothermal deposition and re-deposition in a zone of oxygen depletion. Chemical Geology, 264, 347–363. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.03.023 [17] Deming JW. 1998. Deep ocean environmental biotechnology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 9, 283–287. doi: 10.1016/S0958-1669(98)80060-8 [18] Dick GJ, Clement BG, Webb SM, Fodrie FJ, Bargar JR, Teboa BM. 2009. Enzymatic microbial Mn(II) oxidation and Mn biooxide production in the Guaymas Basin deep-sea hydrothermal plume. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 6157–6530. [19] Dick GJ, Lee YE, Tebo BM. 2006. Manganese(II)-oxidizing Bacillus spores in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments and plumes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 3184–3190. doi: 10.1128/AEM.72.5.3184-3190.2006 [20] Eberhard C, Wirsen CO, Jannasch, HW. 1995. Oxidation of polymetal sulfides by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Geomicrobiology Journal, 13, 145–164. doi: 10.1080/01490459509378014 [21] Edwards KJ, McCollom TM, Konishi H, Buseck PR. 2003. Seafloor bioalteration of sulfide minerals: Results from in situ incubation studies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 2843–2856. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00089-9 [22] Ehrlich HL. 1990. Geomicrobiology 2nd edition. New York: Marcel Dekker, P646. [23] Elderfield H, Schultz A. 1996. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 24, 191–224. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.191 [24] Embley RW, Chadwick WW, Jonasson IR, Butterfield D. 1995. Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 Coaxial event: relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 143–146. doi: 10.1029/94GL02281 [25] Embley RW, Chadwick WW, Perfit MR, Smith MC. 2000. Recent eruptions on the Coaxial segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge: implications for mid-ocean ridge accretion processes. Jouranl of Geophysical Research, 105, 16501–16526. doi: 10.1029/2000JB900030 [26] Emerson D, Moyer CL. 2002. Neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria are abundant at the Loihi Seamount hydrothermal vents and play a major role in Fe oxide deposition. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68, 3085–3093. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.6.3085-3093.2002 [27] Emerson D, Rentz JA, Lilburn TG, Davis RE, Aldrich H, Chan C, Moyer CL. 2007. A novel lineage of proteobacteria involved in formation of marine Fe-oxidizing microbial mat communities. PLoS ONE, 2007, 2. [28] Emerson D. 2000. Microbial oxidation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) at circumneutral pH, in Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (ed. D.R. Lovely), ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 31–52. [29] Fisk MR, Giovanoni SJ, Thorseth IH. 1998. Alteration of oceanic volcanic glass: textural evidence of microbial activity. Science, 281, 978–980. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5379.978 [30] Fitzsimmons JN, John SG, Marsay CM, Hoffman CL, Nicholas SL, Toner BM, German CR, Sherrell RM. 2017. Iron persistence in a distal hydrothermal plume supported by dissolved-particulate exchange. National Geoscience, 10, U195–U150. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2900 [31] Forget NL, Murdock SA, Juniper SK. 2010. Bacterial diversity in Fe-rich hydrothermal sediments at two South Tonga Arc submarine volcanoes. Geobiology, 8, 417–432. doi: 10.1111/gbi.2010.8.issue-5 [32] Foriel J, Philippot P, Susini J, Dumas P, Somogyi A, Salomé M, Khodja H, Ménez B, Fouquet Y, Moreira D, López-García P. 2004. High-resolution imaging of sulfur oxidation states, trace elements, and organic molecules distribution in individual microfossils and contemporary microbial filaments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1561–1569. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.006 [33] Fortin D, Ferris FG, Scott SD. 1998. Formation of Fe-silicates and Fe-oxides on bacterial surfaces in samples collected near hydrothermal vents on the Southern Explorer Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean. American Mineralogist, 83, 1399–1408. doi: 10.2138/am-1998-11-1229 [34] Fortin D, Langley S. 2005. Formation and occurrence of biogenic iron-rich minerals. Earth-Science Reviews, 72, 1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.03.002 [35] Geptner A, Kristmannsdottir H, Kristjansson J, Marteinsson VT. 2002. Biogenic saponite from an active submarine hot spring, Iceland. Clay and Clay minerals, 50, 174–185. doi: 10.1346/000986002760832775 [36] German CR, von Damm KL. 2003. Hydothermal processes. treatise on geochemistry, Elsevier Science Ltd. [37] Guidry SA, Chafetz HS. 2003. Siliceous shrubs in hot springs from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40, 1571–1583. doi: 10.1139/e03-069 [38] Hastings D, Emerson S. 1986. Oxidation of manganese by spores of a marine Bacillus: kinetic and thermodynamic considerations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 1819–1824. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90141-9 [39] Hofmann BA, Farmer JD, Von Blanckenburg F, Fallick AE. 2008. Subsurface filamentous Fabrics: an evaluation of origins based on morphological and geochemical criteria, with implications for exopaleontology. Astrobiology, 8, 87–117. doi: 10.1089/ast.2007.0130 [40] Ivarsson M, Lindblom S, Broman C, Holm NG. 2008. Fossilized microorganisms associated with zeolite-carbonate interfaces in sub-seafloor hydrothermal environments. Geobiology, 6, 155–170. doi: 10.1111/gbi.2008.6.issue-2 [41] Johannessen KC, Roost JV, Dahle H, Dundas SH, Pedersen RB, Thorseth IH. 2017. Environmental controls on biomineralization and Fe-mound formation in a low-temperature hydrothermal system at the Jan Mayen Vent Fields. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 202, 101–123. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.016 [42] Jones B, De Ronde CEJ, Renaut RW. 2007. Siliceous sublacustrine spring deposits around hydrothermal vents in Lake Taupo, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society, 164, 227–242. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492005-102 [43] Jørgensen BB, Boetius A. 2007. Feast and famine-microbial life in the deep-sea bed. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 5, 770–781. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1745 [44] Juniper SK, Fouquet Y. 1988. Filamentous iron-silica deposits from modern and ancient hydrothermal site. Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 859–869. [45] Juniper SK, Tebo BM. 1995. Microbe-metal interactions and mineral deposition at hydrothermal vents. The Microbiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents. New York: CRC Press, 219–253. [46] Kasama T, Murakami T. 2001. The effect of microorganisms on Fe precipitation rates at neutral pH. Chemical Geology, 180, 117–128. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00309-6 [47] Kennedy CB, Scott SD, Ferris FG. 2003. Characterization of bacteriogenic iron oxide deposits from Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean. Geomicrobiology Journal, 20, 199–214. doi: 10.1080/01490450303873 [48] Kennedy CB, Scott SD, Ferris FG. 2003. Ultrastructure and potential sub-seafloor evidence of bacteriogenic iron oxides from Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, north-east Pacific Ocean. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43, 247–254. doi: 10.1111/fem.2003.43.issue-2 [49] Kim HS, Pasten PA, Gaillard JF, Stair PC. 2004. Nanocrystalline todorokite-like manganese oxide produced by bacterial catalysis. Abstracts of the American Chemical Society, 227, U1213–U1213. [50] Klar JK, James R, Gibbs D, Lough A. 2017. Isotopic signature of dissolved iron delivered to the Southern Ocean from hydrothermal vents in the East Scotia Sea. Geology, 45, 351–354. doi: 10.1130/G38432.1 [51] Köhler B, Singer A, Stoffers P. 1994. Biogenic nontronite from marine white smoker chimneys. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 689–701. [52] Konhauser KO, Phoenix VR, Bottrell SH, Adams DG. 2001. Microbial-silica interactions in Icelandic hot spring sinter: possible analogues for some Precambrian siliceous stromatolites. Sedimentology, 48, 415–433. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00372.x [53] Konhauser KO, Schiffman P, Fisher QJ. 2002. Microbial mediation of authigenic clays during hydrothermal alteration of basaltic tephra, Kilauea Volcano. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(12), 1–13. [54] Kyle JE, Schroeder PA, Wiegel J. 2007. Microbial Silicification in Sinters from Two Terrestrial Hot springs in the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka, Russia. Geomicrobiology Journal, 24, 627–641. doi: 10.1080/01490450701672158 [55] Langley S, Igric P, Takahashi Y, Sakai Y, Fortin D, Hannington MD, Schwarz-Schampera U. 2009. Preliminary characterization and biological reduction of putative biogenic iron oxides (BIOS) from the Tonga-Kermadec Arc, southwest Pacific Ocean. Geobiology, 7, 35–49. doi: 10.1111/gbi.2009.7.issue-1 [56] Learman DR, Wankel SD, Webb SM, Martinez N, Madden AS, Hansel CM. 2011. Coupled biotic-abiotic Mn(II) oxidation pathway mediates the formation and structural evolution of biogenic Mn oxides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 6048–6063. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.07.026 [57] Lough AJM, Klar JK, Homoky WB, Comer-Warner SA, Milton JA, Connelly DP, James RH, Mills RA. 2017. Opposing authigenic controls on the isotopic signature of dissolved iron in hydrothermal plumes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 202, 1–20. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.022 [58] Lubetkin M, Carey S, Kelley KA, Robert G, Cornell W, Raineault N, Balcanoff J, Ballard RD. 2018. Salinas-de-León P, Nontronite-bearing tubular hydrothermal deposits from a Galapagos seamount. Deep-Sea Research, 150, 181–194. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.09.017 [59] Martin W, Baross J, Kelley D, Russel MJ. 2008. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6, 805–814. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1991 [60] Martinez RE, Smith DS, Kulczycki E, Ferris FG. 2002. Determination of intrinsic bacterial surface acidity constants using a Donnan shell model and a continuous p Ka distribution method. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 253, 130–139. doi: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8541 [61] McCollom TM. 2000. Geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. Deep-sea Research I, 47, 85–101. doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00048-5 [62] Moyer CL, Dobbs FC, Karl DM. 1995. Phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial community from a microbial mat at an active, hydrothermal vent system, Loihi seamount, Hawaii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 1555–1562. [63] Nealson K, Tebo BM, Rosson RA. 1988. Occurrence and mechanisms of microbial oxidation of manganese. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 33, 279–318. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70209-0 [64] Nelson D, Haymon RM, Lilley M. 1991. Rapid growth of unusual hydrothermal bacteria observed at new vents during adventure dive program to the EPR crest at 9°45′-52′N. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union, 72, P481. [65] Nelson YM, Lion LW, Ghiorse WC, Shuler ML. 1999. Production of biogenic Mn oxides by leprothrixdiscophora ss-1 in a chemically defined growth medium and evaluation of their pb adsorption characteristics. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 175–180. [66] Nisbet EG, Fowler CMR. 1996. Some liked it hot. Nature, 382, 404–405. doi: 10.1038/382404a0 [67] Nisbet EG, Fowler CMR. 1999. Archaean metabolic evolution of microbial mats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 266, 2375–2382. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1999.0934 [68] Nisbet EG. 2000. The realms of Archaean life. Nature, 405, 625–626. doi: 10.1038/35015187 [69] Orange F, Westall F, Disnar JR, Prieur D, Bienvenu N, LE. 2009. Experimental silicification of the extremophilic Archaea Pyrococcusabyssi and Methanocaldococcusjannaschii: applications in the search for evidence of life in early Earth and extraterrestrial rocks. Geobiology, 7, 403–418. doi: 10.1111/gbi.2009.7.issue-4 [70] Pérez-Huerta A, Coronado I, Hegna TA. 2018. Understanding biomineralization in the fossil record. Earth-Science Reviews, 179, 95–122. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.02.015 [71] Rasmussen B. 2000. Filamentous microfossils in a 3235-million-year-old volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit. Nature, 405, 676–679. doi: 10.1038/35015063 [72] Rouxel O, Toner B, Germain Y, Glazer B. 2018. Geochemical and iron isotopic insights into hydrothermal iron oxyhydroxide deposit formation at Loihi Seamount. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 220, 449–482. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.050 [73] Sander SG, Koschinsky A. 2011. Metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation. Nature Geoscience, 10, 145–150. [74] Santelli CM. 2009. Life in the deep sea. Nature Geosciences, 2, 825–826. doi: 10.1038/ngeo711 [75] Scott SD. 1997, Submarine hydrothermal systems and deposits. Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. New York: John Wiley, 797–875. [76] Sievert SM, Hügler M, Taylor CD, Wirsen CO. 2008. Sulfur oxidation at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. microbial sulfur metabolism. Heidelberg: Springer, 238–258. [77] Stevens K,Griesshaber E, Schmahl W, Casella LA, Iba Y, Mutterlose J. 2017. Belemnite biomineralization, development, and geochemistry: the complex rostrum of Neohibolites minimus. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, 468, 388–402. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.022 [78] Stüben D, EddineTaibi N, McCuthry GM, Scholten J, Stoffers P, Zhang DY. 1994. Growth history of a hydrothermal silica chimney from the Mariana backarc spreading centre (southwest Pacific, 18°13′N). Chemical Geology, 113, 273–296. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(94)90071-X [79] Sun ZL, Li J, Huang W, Dong HL, Little CTS, Li JW. 2015. Generation of hydrothermal Fe-Si oxyhydroxide deposit on the Southwest Indian Ridge and its implication for the origin of ancient banded iron Formations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 10, 1002. doi: 10.1002/2014JG002764 [80] Sun ZL, Zhou HY, Glasby GP, Sun ZX, Yang QH, Yin XJ, Li JW. 2013. Mineralogical characterization and formation of Fe-Si oxyhydroxide deposits from modern seafloor hydrothermal vents. American Mineralogist, 98, 85–97. doi: 10.2138/am.2013.4147 [81] Sun ZL, Zhou HY, Glasby GP, Yang QH, Yin XJ, Li JW, Chen ZQ. 2012. Formations of Fe-Mn-Si oxide and nontronite deposits in hydrothermal fields on the Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 43, 64–76. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.08.011 [82] Sun ZL, Zhou HY, Yang QH, Yin XJ, Wang H, Yao HQ, Dong CF. 2012. Growth model of a hydrothermal low-temperature Si-rich chimney; Example from the CDE hydrothermal field, Lau Basin. Science China, Earth Sciences, 55, 1716–1730. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4485-1 [83] Taylor CD, Wirsen CO, Gaill F. 1999. Rapid microbial production of filamentous sulfur mats at hydrothermal vents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 2253–2255. [84] Taylor CD, Wirsen CO. 1997. Microbiology and ecology of filamentous sulfur formation. Science, 277, 1483–1485. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1483 [85] Tazaki K, Fyfe WS. 1992. Microbial green marine clay from Izu-Bonin deep-sea sediments (west Pacific). Chemical Geology, 102, 105–118. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(92)90149-Y [86] Tebo BM, Bargar JR, Clement BG, Dick GJ, Murray KJ, Parker D, Verity R, Webb SM. 2004. Biogenic manganese oxides: Properties and mechanisms of formation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 32, 287–328. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120213 [87] Templeton AS, Hubert S, Tebo BM. 2005. Diverse Mn(II)-Oxidizing Bacteria Isolated from Submarine Basalts at Loihi Seamount. Geomicrobiology Journal, 22, 127–139. doi: 10.1080/01490450590945951 [88] Templeton AS, Knowles EJ, Eldridge DL, Arey BW, Dohnalkova AC, Webb SM, Bailey BE, Tebo BM, Staudige H. 2009. A seafloor microbial biome hosted within incipient ferromanganese crusts. Nature Geoscience, 2, 872–876. doi: 10.1038/ngeo696 [89] Ueshima M, Tazaki K. 2001. Possible role of microbial polysaccharides in nontronite formation. Clay and Clay minerals, 49, 292–299. [90] Verati C, de Donato P, Prieur D, Lancelot J. 1999. Evidence of bacterial activity from micrometer-scale layer analyses of black-smoker sulfide structures (Pito Seamount Site, Easter microplate). Chemical Geology, 158, 257–269. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00054-6 [91] Vetriani C, Jannasch HW, MacGregor BJ, Stahl DA, Reysenbach AL. 1999. Population structure and phylogenetic characterization of marine benthic archaea in deep-sea sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 4375–4384. [92] Villalobos M, Toner B, Bargar J, Sposito G. 2003. Characterization of the manganese oxide produced by pseudomonas putida strain MnB1. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 2649–2662. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00217-5 [93] Webb SM, Tebo BM, Bargat JR. 2005. Structural characterization of biogenic Mn oxides produced in seawater by the marine bacillus sp strain sg-1. American Mineralogist, 90, 1342–1357. doi: 10.2138/am.2005.1669 [94] Weber KA, Achenbach LA, Coates JD. 2006. Microorganisms pumping iron: Anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4, 752–764. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1490 [95] Westall F, de Vries ST, Nijman W. 2006. The 3.466 Ga “Kitty’s Gap Chert”, an early Archean microbial ecosystem. Geological Society of America special paper, 405, 105–131. [96] Westall F, Southam G. 2006. The early record of life. Archean Geodynamics and Environments, 164, 283–304. doi: 10.029/1GM164 [97] Wirsen CO, Jannasch HW, Molyneaux SJ. 1993. Chemosynthetic microbial activity at Mid-Atlantic Ridge Hydrothermal vent sites. Journal of Geophysical Research, B98, 9693–9703. [98] Wu J, Wells ML, Rember, R. 2011. Dissolved iron in the deep tropical- subtropical Pacific: Evidence for long-range transport of hydrothermal iron. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(2), 460–468. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2010.10.024 [99] Yayanos AA. 1995. Microbiology to 10,500 meters in the deep-sea. Annual Review of Microbiology, 49, 777–805. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.004021 [100] Yee N, Fowle DA, Ferris FG. 2004. A Donnan potential model for metal sorption onto Bacillus subtilis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 3657–3664. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.018 [101] Zhao J. 1994. Ferrihydrite: Surface structure and its effects on phase transformation. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 737–746. doi: 10.1346/CCMN [102] Zierenberg RA, Schiffman P. 1990. Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge. Nature, 348, 155–157. doi: 10.1038/348155a0 -
Access History
Figures(4)
Tables(1)
Export File
Citation
Le Zhang, Zhi-lei Sun, Wei Geng, Hong Cao, Yi-chao Qin, Cui-ling Xu, Xian-rong Zhang, Xin Li, Xi-lin Zhang, Hui-ling Song, 2019. Advances in the microbial mineralization of seafloor hydrothermal systems, China Geology, 2, 227-237. doi: 10.31035/cg2018087
Format
Content
DownLoad:
-
Figure 1.
Twisted Fe-oxides filament structures with propagating oblate microspheres stemming off of the filaments from the Galapagos islands (a, Lubetkin M et al., 2018), the Lau Basin (b, Sun ZL et al., 2013), the Troll Wall mounds of Jan Mayen Vent Fields (c, Johannessen KC et al., 2017) and the SWIR (d, Sun ZL et al., 2015).
-
Figure 2.
Mn oxides formed in the extracellular superoxide filtrate produced by Roseobacter after 96 h of oxidation (after Learman DR et al., 2011). a−the reacted filtrate within 125 mL erlenmeyer flasks, illustrating the absence and presence of visible Mn oxide particles in the 96 h filtrate. b, c−The subfigures circled by red and yellow frameworks are TEM images of the minerals, respectively, illustrating the presence of dispersed, individual Mn oxides particles after 96 h of oxidation.
-
Figure 3.
The pattern of the tubular hydrothermal deposits captured by ROV near the summit of Mashi Seamount at a depth of 1227 m (Fig. 3a). Tube-like hydrothermal deposits near the summit of the Mashi Seamount. Tube diameter in the center of the image is about 20 cm (Fig. 3b; after Lubetkin M et al., 2018). Yellow microbial mat is present in center of the image.
-
Figure 4.
Growth model of the low-temperature hydrothermal Si-rich chimney from the CDE hydrothermal field (modified from Sun ZL et al., 2012). a–Owing to the suitability of fluid temperature and supplement of abundant nutrient substances, neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria pervasively exist in the interior of the mineral ring and result in the abundant precipitation of the Fe-rich oxide, which gradually forms a main body of this layer. The fluid temperature is supposed to range from 10–30°C; b–the increasing precipitation of biogenic Fe oxide filaments gradually reduces the permeability of the mineral ring. As a result, the hydrothermal fluid-seawater mixing is restricted and the temperature of the fluids inside the ring is prompted to about 40 °C. The dissolved silica then get to be supersaturated with respect to opal-A and extensive precipitation of silica happens; c–an extensive precipitation of opal-A restricts and retards the hydrothermal fluid-seawater mixing with the temperature of the fluids inside the chimney being elevated to 70–100 °C. Barite and opal-A are precipitated from this fluids and the permeability of the chimney wall decreased sharply. Most of the hydrothermal fluids emitted from the main conduit and the chimney get to the summit in its growth history; d–the chimney wall becomes thicker and denser and the exchange of hydrothermal fluids and seawater ceases. As a result, a Fe-Mn oxide layer precipitates onto the outer surface of the chimney wall as neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria reoccupy the surface of the chimney once again. Ultimately, the main conduit of the chimney is stuffed by continued mineral precipitations and the chimney gets to an extinct state. FC−fluid channel.