| Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences | Host |
| Groundwater Science and Engineering Limited | Publish |
| Citation: |
Li Hui, Liu Lu, Li Jia-hui, Yan Bai-zhong, Kong Xiang-ke, Zhang Wei. 2025. Removal of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane from groundwater using Graphene Oxide-Modified Nano Zero-Valent Iron Activated Persulfate. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 13(4): 341-351. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2025.9280058
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Removal of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane from groundwater using Graphene Oxide-Modified Nano Zero-Valent Iron Activated Persulfate
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Abstract
Graphene Oxide (GO), nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and GO-modified nZVI (GO-nZVI) composite materials were prepared by the Hummer and polyphenol reduction method, respectively, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the morphology and phase composition of these materials. A series of batch experiments were then conducted to investigate the performance and influencing factors of GO-nZVI activating peroxydisulfate (SPS) for the degradation of 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP). Finally, an in-situ oxidation reaction zone was created by GO-nZVI-activated SPS in a one-dimensional simulated system to study the remediation of TCP contamination under different aquifer conditions. The results showed that the GO-nZVI composite exhibited a porous, fluffy structure, with spherical nZVI particles loaded onto the surface and folds of the GO sheets. Compared with unmodified nZVI particles, the GO-nZVI composite significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of TCP by activated SPS, achieving a removal rate of 67.2% within an hour - 78.2% higher than that of the unmodified system. The SPS dosage and the C/Fe ratio in GO-nZVI were found to significantly affect the degradation efficiency of TCP. The removal rate of TCP increased with higher SPS concentration, and a 10% carbon addition, yielded the best activation effect. The one-dimensional simulation results indicated that the removal rate of TCP ranged from 30.1% to 73.3% under different conditions. A larger medium particle size and higher concentrations of reactants (SPS and GO-nZVI) improved pollutant degradation efficiency, increasing TCP removal by 62.1%, 23.8%, and 3.7%, respectively. In contrast, a higher groundwater flow velocity was not conducive to the removal of pollutants, with the TCP removal rate decreasing by approximately 41.9%.
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References
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Li Hui, Liu Lu, Li Jia-hui, Yan Bai-zhong, Kong Xiang-ke, Zhang Wei. 2025. Removal of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane from groundwater using Graphene Oxide-Modified Nano Zero-Valent Iron Activated Persulfate. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 13(4): 341-351. doi: 10.26599/JGSE.2025.9280058
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Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of remediation for TCP-contaminated groundwater with in-situ reaction zone
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Figure 2.
SEM images of nZVI (a), GO (b) and GO-NZVI (c)
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Figure 3.
XRD patterns of nZVI, GO and GO-NZVI
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Figure 4.
Removal effect of TCP in different reaction systems
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Figure 5.
Removal effect of TCP at different oxidant dosages
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Figure 6.
Removal effect of TCP at different C dosage
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Figure 7.
Changes in TCP concentration at each sampling port in the simulated columns