| Citation: |
WAN Pingyi, CHENG Wenbin, CAI Jimin, WU Chunzhang, CHEN Hao, LANG Xinghai, WANG Chuan, YE Xiaochun, PENG Jianhua, LIU Qingqiang. 2025. The depositional environment and manganese mineralization mechanism of the ore-bearing rock series from the No. Ⅲ ore body of the early Cambrian Maojiashan manganese deposit, Longmenshan tectonic belt. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 45(1): 134-151. doi: 10.19826/j.cnki.1009-3850.2024.12010
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The depositional environment and manganese mineralization mechanism of the ore-bearing rock series from the No. Ⅲ ore body of the early Cambrian Maojiashan manganese deposit, Longmenshan tectonic belt
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Abstract
Addressing the scientific question of the unclear mechanism of manganese enrichment and precipitation in the early Cambrian manganese deposits of the Longmenshan tectonic belt, this paper focuses on the No. Ⅲ ore body of the Maojiashan manganese deposit in this belt as the research object. Based on detailed field geological surveys and thin-section identification, a systematic total organic carbon (TOC) and elemental geochemical test was conducted to preliminarily explore the source of manganese, depositional environment, and enrichment mechanism. The study shows: (1) The ore-bearing rock series from the No. Ⅲ ore body of the Maojiashan manganese deposit belongs to the fifth member of the lower Cambrian Qiujiahe Formation, primarily composed of manganese ore layers (No. Ⅲ manganese ore body), pyrite layers, manganese-bearing siliceous dolostone, carbonaceous mudstone, siliceous rock, and dolostone. The manganese ore layer is composed of centimeter- to millimeter-scale multi-cycle manganese-rich sulfide layers and manganese-rich carbonate layers. The main ore minerals are alabandite and kutnahorite, and the main gangue minerals are pyrite framboids and quartz, with a small amount of organic matter. (2) The CIA value of the ore-bearing rock series mainly ranges from 65 to 85, indicating moderate continental weathering conditions, favorable for the migration of terrigenous manganese. However, there is a negative correlation between Al2O3 and MnO, suggesting that continental weathering is likely not the main source of manganese. In the (Cu+Co+Ni)×10–Fe–Mn, (Zr+Y+Ce)×100–(Cu+Ni)×15–(Fe+Mn)/4, Ce/Ce* vs. (Y/Ho)PAAS, Ce/Ce* vs. Nd, and Fe/Ti vs. Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) discriminant diagrams, the data pertaining to rocks and ores of the ore-bearing rock series are mainly plotted on the hydrothermal origin area or the aqueous-hydrothermal mixed area, indicating that manganese is likely derived from submarine hydrothermal input. (3) The size of pyrite framboids, as well as redox indicators such as the EFMo/EFU ratio, V/Cr ratio, and V/(V+Ni) ratio, indicate that the ore-bearing rock series formed in a bottom water environment with fluctuating suboxic-anoxic-sulfidic conditions; paleoceanic productivity indicators P and Cd indicate high paleoproductivity; TOC vs. Mo and Mo vs. Cd diagrams show that the ore-bearing rock series mainly formed in a weakly restricted upwelling environment. (4) The mechanism of manganese enrichment and precipitation is likely controlled by microbial-induced mineralization and bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR).
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References
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WAN Pingyi, CHENG Wenbin, CAI Jimin, WU Chunzhang, CHEN Hao, LANG Xinghai, WANG Chuan, YE Xiaochun, PENG Jianhua, LIU Qingqiang. 2025. The depositional environment and manganese mineralization mechanism of the ore-bearing rock series from the No. Ⅲ ore body of the early Cambrian Maojiashan manganese deposit, Longmenshan tectonic belt. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 45(1): 134-151. doi: 10.19826/j.cnki.1009-3850.2024.12010
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Figure 1.
Geotectonic location of the Longmenshan tectonic belt (A), regional geological and mineral resources of Longmenshan tectonic belt (B), early Cambrian lithofacies paleogeography of Longmenshan tectonic belt (C, modified from Ji et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2016)
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Figure 2.
Geological map of the Maojiashan manganese deposit ①
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Figure 3.
Geochemical parameter records of the ore-bearing rock series (ZK2002) of the No. Ⅲ manganese ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit
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Figure 4.
Characteristics of the ore-bearing rock series of the No. Ⅲ manganese ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit
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Figure 5.
Diagrams showing element enrichment factors (EF) of rocks and ores from the ore-bearing rock series of the No. Ⅲ manganese ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit
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Figure 6.
Element correlation coefficient diagram of the ore-bearing rock series from the No. Ⅲ manganese ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit
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Figure 7.
Diagrams of post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized REE+Y patterns (A-D), Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* (E, modified from Bau and Dulsk, 1996), and Eu/Eu*–Ba/Bd of the rocks and ores from the ore-bearing rock series of the No. Ⅲ ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit (F)
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Figure 8.
A–CN–K diagram of rocks and ores from the ore-bearing rock series of the No. Ⅲ ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit (modified from Rollinson and Pease, 2021)
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Figure 9.
(Cu+Co+Ni)×10–Fe–Mn (A, Bonatti et al., 1972), (Zr+Y+Ce)×100–(Cu+Ni)×15–(Fe+Mn)/4 (B, Josso et al., 2017), Ce/Ce* vs. (Y/Ho)PAAS (C, Bau et al., 2014), Ce/Ce* vs. Nd (D, Bau et al., 2014), and Fe/Ti–Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) (E, Bostrom, 1983) discriminant diagrams of rocks and ores from the ore-bearing rock series of the No. Ⅲ ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit
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Figure 10.
Discrimination diagram of redox conditions for rocks and ores from the ore bearing rock series of the No. Ⅲ ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit
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Figure 11.
Mo vs. TOC (A, Tribovillard et al., 2012) and Cd vs. Mo (B, Sweere et al., 2016) diagrams of rocks and ores from the ore-bearing rock series of the No. Ⅲ manganese ore body, Maojiashan manganese deposit
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Figure 12.
Comparison diagram of post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized averaged REE+Y distribution patterns between ore-bearing rock series from the No. Ⅲ manganese ore body of Maojiashan manganese deposit, Datangpo-style manganese deposit, Markansu manganese deposit, and Chengkou manganese deposit (Datangpo-style manganese ore data according to Yu et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2016; Malkansu manganese mine data according to Zhang et al., 2020; Dong et al., 2023; Chengkou manganese mine data according to Zhang et al., 2021b; Gao et al., 2021)