Citation: | LI Sanzhong, SUO Yanhui, ZHOU Jie, WANG Guangzeng, LI Xiyao, JIANG Zhaoxia, LIU Jinping, LIU Lijun, LIU Yongjiang, ZHAN Huawang, JIANG Suhua, CHENG Haohao, WANG Pengcheng, ZHU Junjiang, DAI Liming, DONG Hao, LIU Lin, GUO Xiaoyu. 2022. Tectonic evolution of the South China Ocean-Continent Connection Zone: Transition and mechanism of the Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic domains. Journal of Geomechanics, 28(5): 683-704. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.20222809 |
The northern South China Sea continental margin is the key or critical segment of the Ocean-Continent Connection Zone (OCCZ) of the Great South China Block, the junction between the Tethyan and the (Paleo-) Pacific dynamic systems, and the interaction area between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. However, due to the low-degree geophysical exploration in the past, the regional tectonic background, processes and mechanism of the transition between the Tethyan and the Pacific tectonic domains are unclear. Based on the latest large number of seismic profiles, we focus on the Cenozoic basin structure in the continental margin of the northern South China Sea and try to reveal the Mesozoic basement structures of the northern South China Sea continental margin, with the aim of exploring the pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution and the Cenozoic opening, spreading, ridge fossil and closure of the South China Sea oceanic basin, so as to serve the accurate oil and gas exploration in this area at the same time. The seismic interpretation of the Pearl River Mouth Basin and the field structural investigation of the South China continental margin show that the OCCZ of the South China Block has experienced three processes: Mesozoic Indosinian collisional orogeny, Early Yanshanian accretionary orogeny and Late Yanshanian transpressive orogeny. During the Cenozoic era, it experienced the dispersive extension into basins under the control of NW-SE-directed normal extension in the early stage, the dextral pull-apart into basins under the control of NE-NNE-trending strike-slip faults in the middle stage, and the sinistral pull-apart into basins under the control of NW-WNW strike-slip faults in the late stage. In general, the transition process from the Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic systems can be subdivided into four stages: the transition from the Paleo-Tethyan to the Neo-Tethyan tectonic systems, the transition from the Neo-Tethyan to the Paleo-Pacific tectonic systems, the transition from the Neo-Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic systems, and the transition from the Paleo-Pacific to the Pacific tectonic systems. The tectonic transition of the East Asian OCCZ reflects the long-term mechanism of the Earth plate dynamic system driving the plate superconvergence in East Asia, in particular of the importance of the deep or submarine “Triple Poles”, the Southeast Asian U-shape subduction system, the Pacific LLSVP and the African LLSVP. More importantly, the Southeast Asian U-shape subduction system is also one of the important dynamic engines of the Earth plate motion.
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Tectonic units in the southeast margin of the Great South China Block
Relationship between the Tethyan and the Pacific tectonic systems in the East Asia Ocean−Continent Connection Zone (modified from Liu et al., 2006 )
Plate tectonic reconstruction and dynamic background on clockwise rotation of the South China Block in the early Indosinian (234 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
The Indosinian tectonic units and their late-stage superposition in the northern and western South China Sea margins (modified from Wang et al., 2015)
Plate tectonic reconstruction and normal subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plates in the late Indosinian (200 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
Plate tectonic reconstruction and normal subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plates in the early Yanshanian (176 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
Meso-Cenozoic tectonic units in the East Asian Ocean-Continent Connection Zone(Hall, 2002; Pubellier et al.,2004; Liu et al.,2010; Morley,2012; modified from Li et al.,2013; Sibuet et al.,2016; Liu et al.,2016; Li et al.,2018 d; Li et al.,2019 b)
Gravity anomaly of the Curved Southeast Asian Subduction System (CSEASS) and Late Cretaceous flat subduction of the Izanagi Plate and the East Asian lithospheric destruction mechanism of hydration, weakening and thinning east of the N-S-trending Gravity Gradient Line (NSGL; modified from Liu et al.,2021 b; Li et al.,2021)
Plate tectonic reconstruction and oblique subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plates in the late Yanshanian (125 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
Plate tectonic reconstruction and ridge subduction of the Izanagi−Pacific Ridge in early Himalayan (55~45 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
Plate tectonic reconstruction and opening of the East Sub-basin of the South China Sea in the late Himalayan (33~24 Ma) in East Asia (Arrow is plate motion sense)
Cenozoic plate reconstruction of final processes to form the East Asian superconvergent tectonic system(modified from Honza and Fujioka,2004 )
Fault patterns during the Wenchang Period in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and their corresponding physical analog results
Tomographic image under the West Pacific Ocean-Continent Connection Zone (modified from Wu and Suppe,2018)