Citation: | TAO Rui, HAI Lianfu, WANG Lei, SONG Yang, LI Haifeng, LIN Li, MEI Chao, BAI Jinhe. 2023. Geochemical characteristics of clastic rocks from the Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu, Ningxia and analysis of tectonic background of the source area[J]. Geology in China, 50(6): 1817-1836. doi: 10.12029/gc20200303001 |
This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
The Zhiluo Formation represents a transitional phase in the lake's advancement and retreat within the broader context of Jurassic geological evolution. Its tectonic background holds paramount importance in exploring the inception timeline of fault-fold belt development along the western margin of the Ordos Basin. This study focuses on the Zhiluo Formation, specifically clastic rocks, from the Jurassic period in the Lingwu area, Ningxia.
We conducted analyses using X-ray and ICP-MS techniques to uncover the geochemical characteristics of clastic rocks and the structural context of the source region.
Our results reveal that major element correlation coefficients are generally low, while trace elements and REE exhibit high values. Notably, correlation coefficients between Al2O3 and trace elements such as Co, Ni, Cr, V, Sc, Li, Cs, Be, Ga, Tl, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sn exceed 0.9, and the correlation coefficients between TiO2 and Nb are at 0.98. This suggests that the primary source of sediment is terrigenous clastic material. Enrichment concentration-type elements (K>1, CV>1) include Zr, U, and CaO, while enrichment dispersion-type elements (K>1, CV < 1) consist of Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Sr, Ba, U, Co, V, Sc, Li, and Pb. Poorly dispersive elements (K < 1, CV < 1) encompass SiO2, TiO2, MnO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, Rb, Th, Nb, Ta, Ni, Cr, Cs, Be, Ga, Tl, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, and REE. No elements fall under the poor concentration type (K < 1, CV>1).
The average values for key oxide combinations of main elements are TiO2 (0.54), TFe2O3+MgO (4.58), Al2O3/SiO2 (0.58), and Al2O3/SiO2 (0.18), indicating similarity to an active continental margin. A trace element spider diagram demonstrates the rocks of the Zhiluo Formation's richness in Rb, K, and U, which are large ion lithophile elements, and a significant deficit in Nb, Sr, P, and Ti. The chondrite-standardized REE distribution curve depicts a gentle right-leaning pattern, signifying LREE enrichment and HREE relative depletion. In terms of geochemical indices, the CIA (70.76-81.88) for mudstone exceeds the ICV (1.02-1.6) for sandstone, while mudstone ICV (0.7-1.14) remains mostly less than or equal to 1. This suggests that the Zhiluo Formation in the Lingwu area exhibits little to no recycling and is characteristic of primary sedimentation in the context of tectonic activity with a moderate degree of differentiation. Correlation diagrams indicates that tectonic background of the source region is primarily associated with an active continental margin. Additionally, it exhibits some links to continental island arc systems, suggesting an active continental margin or an active continental margin subduction zone, potentially resembling an Andean-type active continental margin.
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Structural outline map of the western margin of Ordns Basin (modified from Cao Daiyong et al., 2015)
Tectonic map (a) and simplifield geological map (b) in the study area
Primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams of the mudstone (a) and sandstone (b) from Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu (normalized values are from Sun and McDonough, 1989)
Chondrite-normalized rare earth elements patterns (a, c) and NASC (North American shale composite)-nomalized rare earth elements patterns (b, d) of the sandstone and mudstone from Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu (Chondrite-normalized values are from Sun and McDonough, 1989; NASC-nomalized values are from Gromet et al., 1984)
Sequence diagram of element enrichment coefficient in sediments of Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu
Sequence diagram of element differentiation coefficient in sediments of Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu
Characteristics of enrichment coefficient and variation coefficient of various elements from Zhiluo group in Lingwu
Tectonic setting discrimination diagram of SiO2-K2O/Na2O from the samples of Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu (after Roser and Korsch, 1986)
Tectonic setting discrimination diagrams of (TFe2O3+MgO)-TiO2 (a) and (TFe2O3+MgO)-Al2O3/SiO2 (b) of the samples from Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu (after Bhatia, 1983)
Tectonic setting discrimination diagram of La/Sc-Ti/Zr of the samples from Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu (after Bhatia and Crook, 1986)
Tectonic setting discrimination diagram of La-Th-Sc (a) and Th-Co-Zr/10 (b) of the samples from Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu (after Bhatia and Crook, 1986)
QFL and QFR diagrams of the samples from Zhiluo Formation in Lingwu (a, after Valloni and Maynard, 1981; b, after Crook, 1974)