China Geological Survey Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesHost
科学出版社Publish
Advanced Search
Previous Article Next Article
2017 Vol. 44, No. 3
Article Contents
Article navigation > Geology in China > 2017 > 44(3): 460-472
Next Article Previous Article

WEI Zhenquan, HE Gaowen, DENG Xiguang, YAO Huiqiang, LIU Yonggang, YANG Yong, REN Jiangbo. 2017. The progress in the study and survey of oceanic cobalt-rich crust resources[J]. Geology in China, 44(3): 460-472. doi: 10.12029/gc20170305
Citation: WEI Zhenquan, HE Gaowen, DENG Xiguang, YAO Huiqiang, LIU Yonggang, YANG Yong, REN Jiangbo. 2017. The progress in the study and survey of oceanic cobalt-rich crust resources[J]. Geology in China, 44(3): 460-472. doi: 10.12029/gc20170305
shu

The progress in the study and survey of oceanic cobalt-rich crust resources

  • Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, Guangdong, China

    • Fund Project: Supported by National Natural Science foundation of China (No. 41606071); 12th Five-Year Plan Pproject of International Submarine Resources Survey and Development(No. DY125-13-R-01, DY125-13-R-05, DY125-13-R-08); Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou City(No. 201707010417); Science and Technology Planning Pproject of Guangdong Province (No. 2013B030700005)
More Information
  • Author Bio: WEI Zhenquan, male, born in 1978, senior engineer, engages in the survey and study of oceanic mineral resources and oil & gas resources; E-mail: wei_zhenquan@163.com
Received Date:  03 June 2017
Revised Date:  21 June 2017
Publish Date:  25 June 2017
    Abstract

  • Cobalt-rich crusts constitute another deep-sea sedimentary solid mineral resource discovered after oceanic polymetallic nodule. Cobalt-rich crusts are distributed on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is estimated that the amount of dry crust resources in the three oceans is (1081.1661~2162.3322)×108 t. Survey of the cobalt-rich crust by various countries in the world began in the early 1980s. So far, 4 countries, i.e., Japan, China, Russia and Brazil, have signed a cobalt-rich crust exploration contract with the International Seabed Authority. The application of cobalt-rich crusts mining area submitted by South Korea was also approved by International Seabed Authority in 2016. Cobalt-rich crusts can be divided into plate curst, gravel-like crust and nodule-like crust according to their shapes. Cobalt-rich crusts are usually three-layer structure in the macro. Upper layer is called bright coal seam layer, intermediate layer is called loose layer, and bottom layer is called relatively loose layer. Microscopically, cobalt-rich crusts are mainly characterized by such structures as columnar structure, callenia structure, plaque structure, and laminar structure. The minerals of cobalt-rich crusts are mainly authigenic iron and manganese minerals, which include vemadite, todorokite, amakinite, akaganeite, feroxyhyte, goethite, and so on. Cobalt-rich crusts are rich in Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn as well as REEs and PGEs. The content of Co of cobalt-rich crusts is particularly significant. The average content of Co in cobalt-rich crusts from the Pacific Ocean is the highest in the three large oceans in the world. Formation process of cobalt-rich crusts is extremely slow. Only several millimeters of crust can be formed in one million years. Studies show that cobaltrich crusts from the West Pacific Ocean were formed as early as Eocene to early Miocene. It's generally accepted that the cobaltrich crust is hydatogenic. Co, Fe, Mn and other metal elements in crusts originate from sea water. In addition, studies have shown that microorganisms play a very important role in the formation of cobalt-rich crusts. The distribution and characteristics of cobaltrich crust are affected by such factors as topography, water depth, substrate rocks type, hydrochemical characteristics of seawater, latitude and longitude. Cobalt-rich crusts are formed on the slope of seamount and island and submarine highland above the depth of carbonate compensation and below oxygen minimum zone, with the water depth of 800~2500m. West and Central Pacific seamounts are considered to be the main production area of cobalt-rich crusts in the world.

    • FullText(HTML)
  • 加载中
    • References
  • Alvarez R, De Carlo E H, Cowen J, Andermann G. 1990.Micromorphological characteristics of a marine ferromanganese crust[J]. Marine Geology, 94:239-249. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(90)90071-Q

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Aplin A C, Cronan D S. 1985. Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Central Pacific Ocean, I.Encrustsations from the Line Island Archipelago[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49:427-436. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90034-1

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Bai Zhimin, Yi Caiqiao, Jiang Xunxiong. 2002. Nanometer properties of oceanic polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich crusts[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 47 (11):869-872(in Chinese).

    Google Scholar

    Bau M, Koschinsky A, Dulski P, Hein J.R. 1996. Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater[J]. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60:1709-1725. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Bian Lizeng, Lin Chengyi, Zhang Fusheng, Du De' an, Chen Jianlin, Shen Huati. 1996. Pelagic manganese nodules-a new type of oncolite[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 70 (3):232-236(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Chen Jianlin, ShenHuati, Han Xiqiu, Ma Weilin, Wang Ying. 1999. Analysis for ferromanganese minerals of the Pacific Oceanic polymetallic nodules and the study for its origination[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 21(2):56-64.

    Google Scholar

    Chu Fengyou, Sun Guosheng, Ma Weilin, Li Shoujun, Qian X. 2006.Classification of seamount morphology and its evaluating significance of ferromanganese crust in the central Pacific Ocean[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 25 (2):63-70.

    Google Scholar

    Chu Fengyou, Hu Daqian, Yao Jie. 2006. Mineral composition and element geochemistry of Co-rich crust from the YJC sea mount in the Central Pacific Ocean[J]. Global Geology, 25(3):245-253(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Chukhrov F V, Zvyagin B B, Gorshkov A I, Yermilova L P, Korovushkin V V, Rudnitskaya Y S, Yakubovskaya N Y. 1977.Feroxyhyte, a new modification of FeOOH[J]. Int. Geol. Rev., 19(8):873-890. doi: 10.1080/00206817709471086

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Chukhrov F V. 1996. Authigenic manganese phase mineralogy in marine manganese nodules[J]. translated by Xiao Xuqi. Foreign Ore Deposit Geology, 1(total 75):64-73.

    Google Scholar

    Cowen J P, Decarlo E H, Mcgee D L. 1993. Calcareous nannofossilbiostratigraphic dating of a ferromanganese crust from Schumann Seamount[J]. Marine Geology, 115:289-306. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(93)90057-3

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Craig J D, Andrews J M, Meylan A M. 1982. Ferromanganese deposits in the Hawaiian Archipelago[J]. Marine Geology, 45:127-157. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(82)90183-9

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Cronan D S. 1980. Underwater Minerals[M]. London, New York:Academic Press.

    Google Scholar

    Cronan D S.2000. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81(36):411-413.

    Google Scholar

    Cui Yingchun, Ren Xiangwen, Liu Lihua, Shi Xuefa, Yin Jingwu, Hao Jinhua. 2008a. Texture and geochemical characteristics of Coriched crust fromthe Mic-Pacific Seamounts and their implications[J]. Advances in Marine Science, 26(1):35-43(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Cui yingchun, Liu Jihua, Ren Xiangwen, Shi Xuefa. 2008b.Geochemistry of rare earth elements in cobalt rich crusts fromthe Mid-Pacific M Seamount[J]. Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society, 26(6):760-768(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Frank D J, Meylan M A, Craig J D, Glasby G P. 1976. Ferromanganese deposits of the Hawaiian archipelago[J]. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics. Rep. HIG-76-14:1-69.

    Google Scholar

    Friedrich G, Schmitz-Wiechowski A. 1980. Mineralogy and chemistry of a ferromanganese crust from a deep-sea hill, Central Pacific, "VALDIVIA"cruise VA13/2[J]. Marine Geology, 37:71-90. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(80)90012-2

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Glasby G P, Gwozdz R, Kunzendorf H, Friedrich G, Thijssen T. 1987.The distribution of rare earth and minor elements in manganese nodules and sediments from the equatorial and SW Pacific[J]. Lithos, 20 (2):97-113. doi: 10.1016/0024-4937(87)90001-6

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Guo Shiqin, Wu Bihao, Lu Hailong. 1994. Geochemistry of Polymetallic Nodules and Sediments in the Central Pacific[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House.

    Google Scholar

    Halbach P, Manheim F T. 1984. Potential of cobalt and other metals in ferromanganese crusts on seamounts of the Central Pacific Basin[J]. Marine Mining, 4:319-336.

    Google Scholar

    Halbach P. 1985. Cobalt-rich and Platinum-bearing Manganese Crusts Nature, Occurrence, and Formation[Z]. Workshop on Mlarine Minerals of the Pacific. Honolulu:East-West Center.

    Google Scholar

    Halbach F. 1986. Processes controlling the heavy metal distrihutzna in Pacific ferromanganese nodules and crusts[J]. Geologische Rundschau, 75(1):235-247. doi: 10.1007/BF01770191

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    He Gaowen, Zhao Zubin, Zhu Kechao. 2001. Cobalt-rich crust resources in the Western Pacific[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House.

    Google Scholar

    Hein J R, Morgenson L A, Clague D A and Koski R A. 1987. Cobaltrich ferromanganese cruts from the Exclusive Economic Zoneof the United States and noddles from the oceanic Pacific[C]//Scholl D W, Grantz A, VedderJ G(eds.). Geology and ResourcesPotential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basiins-Beaoufort Sea to BajaCalifornia, Circum-Pacific Councilfor Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series Houston, TX, Circum-Pacific Coucilfor Energy and Mineral Reaources, 6:753-771.

    Google Scholar

    Hein J R, Schwab W C, Davis A. 1988. Cobalt-and Platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands[J]. Marine Geology, 78, 255-283. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(88)90113-2

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Hein J R, Koschinsky A, Halbach P E, Manheim F T, Bau M, Kang J K, Lubick N. 1997. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific[C]//Nicholson K, Hein J R, Bühn B, Dasgupta S (eds.).

    Google Scholar

    Manganese Mineralization:Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geological Society Special Publication, 119:123-138.

    Google Scholar

    Hein J R, Koschinsy A, Bau M, Manheim F T, Kang J K. 2000.Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific[C]//Cronan D S (eds). Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits. Boca Raton, F L, CRC Press, 239-279.

    Google Scholar

    Hein J R. 2004. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts:Global distribution, composition, origin and research activities[C]//International Seabed Authority ed. Minerals Other than Polymetallic Nodules of the International Seabed Area.Proceedings of a Workshop held on 26-30 June 2000. Kingston, Jamaica:International SeabedAuthority, 188.

    Google Scholar

    Hu Wenxuan, Zhou Haiyang, GuLianxing, Zhang Wenlan, Lu Xiancai, Pan Jianming, Fu Qi, Zhang Haisheng. 1999. New evidence of microbe origin for ferromanganese nodules from deep sea floor[J]. Science in China(Series D):29 (4):362-366.

    Google Scholar

    Jeong K S, Jung H S, Kang J K, Morgan C L, Hein J R. 2000.Formation of ferromanganese crusts on northwest intertropical Pacific seamounts:Electron photomicrography and microprobe chemistry[J]. Marine Geology, 162:541-549. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00091-2

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Jiao Dongfeng, Jin Xianglong, Chu Fengyou, Hu Guangdao, Wang Yanxia. 2007. Formation conditions and control factors of thick Co-rich ferromanganese crusts[J]. Mineral Deposits, 26 (3):296-306(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Jin Qinghuan. 2001. Submarine Mineral Resources[M]. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press; Guangzhou:Jinan University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Joshima M, Usui A. 1998. Magnetostratigraphy of hydrogenetic manganese crusts from Northwestern Pacific seamounts[J]. Marine Geology, 146:53-62. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00131-X

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Kang J K. 1987. Mineralogy and interal structures of a ferromanganese crusts from a seamount, Central Pacific[J]. Journal Oceanological Society of Korea, 22:168-178.

    Google Scholar

    Koschinsky A, Halbach P. 1995. Sequential leaching of ferromanganese precipitates:Genetic implications[J]. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, 59:5113-5132. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00358-4

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Koschinsky A, Hein J R. 2003. Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese crusts:solid-phase associations and seawater speciation[J]. Marine Geology, 198:331-351 doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00122-1

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Li Chao. 2013. Geochemical characteristics of basalt and research on Co-rich crust formation in th Mid-Pacifc CH Seamount[D]. Changchun:Master's Thesis of Jilin University(in Chinese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar

    Lin Chengyi, Zhang Fusheng, Bian Lizeng, Zhou Lvfu, Chen Jianlin, Shen Huati. 1996. Classification of the microbes and study of the beaded ultra-microfossils in pelagic manganese nodules[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 41 (16):1364-1368.

    Google Scholar

    Liu Yonggang, He Gaowen, Yao Huiqiang, Yang Yong, RenJiangbo, GuoLihua, Mei Yanxiong. 2013. Global distribution characteristics of seafloor cobalt-rich encrustation resources[J]. Mineral Deposits, 32(6):1275-1284(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Liu Yonggang, Yao Huiqiang, Yu Miao, Ren Jiangbo, Yang Yong. 2014. The progress in research and exploration of international submarine mineral resources[J]. Marine Information, (3):10-16(in Chinese).

    Google Scholar

    Long Xiaojun, Zhao Guangtao, Yang Shengxiong, Leng Chuanxu, Qi Qi, Cui Shanggong, Hao Yanan. 2015. Chemical composition and paleoenvironmental record of the co-rich crust from Magellan seamount in Western Pacific[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 35(5):47-55(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Loper D E, Stacey F D. 1983. The dynamical and thermal structure of deep mantle plumes[J]. Physics of the Earth & Planetary Interiors, 33 (4):304-317.

    Google Scholar

    Luan Xiwu. 2006. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts formation——Evidences of hydrogenous origin[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 24(2):8-19(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Lunemann C P, Taillefert M, Perret D, Gaillard J F. 1997. Association of cobalt and manganese inaquatic system:Chemical and microscope evidence[J]. Geochim. Cosrnochim. Acta, 61(7):1437-1446. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00015-X

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Ma Weilin, Jin Xianglong, Chen jianlin, Su Xin, Zhang Weiyan. 2002.Geological characteristics of Co-rich crusts from the Mid-Pacific Seamounts Area[J]. Donghai Marine Science, 20 (3):11-23(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Ma Weilin. 2006. Study on Relation between Seamounts Type and Crusts Mineralization[D]. Doctoral Dissertation of Zhejiang University(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Ma Weilin, Jin Xianglong, ZhongShilan, Chu Fengyou. 2007.Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy study of cobalt-rich crust from Marcus Sea Ridge[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 29(5):174-180(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Manheim F T. 1986. Marine cobalt resources[J]. Science, 232 (4750):600-608. doi: 10.1126/science.232.4750.600

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    McMurtry G M, VonderHaar D L, Eisenhauer A, Mahoney J J, Yeh H W. 1994. Cenozoic accumulat ion history of a Pacific ferromanganese crust[J].Earth and Planerary Science Letter, 125(1/4):105-118.

    Google Scholar

    Murad E, Schwertmann U. 1988. Iron oxide mineralogy of some deepsea ferromanganese crusts[J]. Am. Mineral, 73:1395-1400.

    Google Scholar

    Pan Jiahua, Liu Shuqin. 1999. Distribution, Composition and element geochemistry of Co-rich crusts in the Western Pacific[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 20(1):47-54(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Pan Jiahua, Liu Shuqing, Yang Yi, Liu Xueqing. 2002. Type, Distribution and occurrence of Co-Rich crusts in Western Pacific[J]. Mineral Deposits, 2002(S1):44-47(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Puteanus D, Halbach P. 1988. Correlation of Co concentration and growth rate-A method for age determination of ferromanganese crusts[J]. Chemical Geology, 69:73-85. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(88)90159-3

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Rajani R P, Chodakar A R, Banakar V K, Parthihan G, Mudholkar A V. 2005. Compositional variation and genesis of ferromanganese crusts of the Afanasiy-Nikitin Seamount, Equatorial Indian Ocean[J]. Earth Syst. Sci., 114(1):51. doi: 10.1007/BF02702008

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Ren Xiangwen, Pulyaeva I, LvHuahua, Shi Xuefa, Cao Dekai. 2017.Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of a Co-rich ferromanganese crust from seamount MK of Magellan Seamount Cluster[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 24(1):276-296(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    ShenYujun, Zhong Xiang, He Zequan. 1999. Present status of investigation and development of ocean cobalt crust resources[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 19(2):11-13(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Shi Yuezhong, Hu Chaoyong, Fang Nianqiao, Huang Junhua. 2004.Carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in co-rich ferromanganese crust and its implication for paleoceanography[J]. Earth Science, 29 (2):148-150(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Sun Xiaoming, Xue T, He Gaowen, Zhang M, Shi Guiyong, Wang Shengmei Lu Hongfeng. 2006. Platinum group elements(PGE)and Os isotopic geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from Pacific Ocean seamounts and their constraints on genesis[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(12):3014-3026(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Tong Jinggui. 2007. Geochemical and Mineralogical Study on the Co一rich Ferromanganese Crust from the Pacific ocean and the Palaeoocean and Palaeoenvironment Reconstruction[D]. Doctoral Dissertation of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Wang Chenghou. 1986. Separation and accumulation of Mn, Fe and the formation of Mnnodules[J]. Scientia Sinica(Series B), 10:1100-1107.

    Google Scholar

    Wang Xiaohong, Zhou Liping, Wang Yimin, Zhang Xuehua, Liu Xiaoming, Fan Xingtao, Liu Kexin, Zhou Jianxiong. 2008.Interpretation of high density environmental records of Pacific cobalt rich crusts[J]. Science in China (Series D):38 (9):1112-1121.

    Google Scholar

    Wen X, De Carlo E H. 1994. A comparative study of the geochemistry and internal structure of seamount ferromanganese crusts[J]. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union, 74:78.

    Google Scholar

    Wiltshire J C, Wen X Y, Yao D. 1999. Ferromanganese crustss near Johnston islands:Geochemistry, stratigraphy and economic potential[J]. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 17:257-270. doi: 10.1080/106411999273936

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Xu Dongyu, Yao De, Liang Hongfeng, Zhang Lijie. Paleoceanographic Environment for Formation of Polymetallic Nodules[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 22-41.

    Google Scholar

    Yu Henan, Sun Guosheng, Chu Fengyou, Ma Weilin. 2013.Characteristics of main ore-forming elements of crusts from Pacific seamounts[J]. Global Geology, 32(1):63-68(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhang Fuyuan, Zhang Weiyan, Ren Xiangwen, Zhang Xiaoyu, Zhu Kechao. 2015. Resource estimation of Co-rich crusts of seamounts in the three oceans[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2015, 37(1):88-105(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhang Haisheng, Zhao Pengda, Hu Guangdao. 2004. Geochemical features of multi-Metallic cust in the middle Pacific ocean[J]. Earth Science, 29(3):340-346(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhang Lijie, Yao De, Cui Ruyong, Qi Changmou. 1998. A discussion on the formation mechanism of submarine sedimentary ferromanganese deposits[J]. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology, 18(2):75-80(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhao Hongjiao, Yao Longkui. 2003. Cobalt geochemistry features in Co-rich crust in the central Pacif ic Ocean[J]. Donghai Marine Science, 21(4):34-40(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhao Lihong. 2005. Study on the Formation of Seamounts Distributed by Cobalt-rich Crust in the Central-West Pacific[D]. Doctoral Dissertation of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    hukhrov F V. 1996. 海洋锰结核中自生锰相矿物学[J]. 肖绪琦译. 国外矿床地质, 1(总75): 64-73.

    Google Scholar

    白志民, 刘旭, 尹才硚, 蒋训雄, 汪胜东. 2002.大洋多金属结核与富钴结壳浸出渣的纳米属性[J].科学通报, 47 (11):869-872. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2002.11.015

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    边立曾, 林承毅, 张富生, 杜德安, 陈建林, 沈华悌. 1996.深海锰结核——核形石的新类型[J].地质学报, 70 (3):232-236.

    Google Scholar

    陈建林, 沈华悌, 韩喜球, 马维林, 王英. 1999.太平洋多金属结核中铁锰矿物分析及成因研究[J].海洋学报, 21 (2):56-64.

    Google Scholar

    初凤友, 胡大千, 姚杰. 2006.中太平洋YJC海山富钴结壳矿物组成与元素地球化学[J].世界地质, 25(3):245-253.

    Google Scholar

    崔迎春, 任向文, 刘季花, 石学法, 尹京武, 郝金华. 2008a.中太平洋海山区富钻结壳构造与地球化学特征及意义[J].海洋科学进展, 26(1):35-43.

    Google Scholar

    崔迎春, 刘季花, 任向文, 石学法. 2008b.中太平洋M海山富钻结壳稀土元素地球化学[J].中国稀土学报, 26(6):760-768.

    Google Scholar

    郭世勤, 吴必豪, 卢海龙. 1994.多金属结核和沉积物的地球化学研究[M].北京:地质出版社.

    Google Scholar

    何高文, 赵祖斌, 朱克超. 2001.西太平洋富钴结壳资源[M].北京:地质出版社.

    Google Scholar

    胡文宣, 周怀阳, 顾连兴, 张文兰, 陆现彩, 潘建明, 符琦, 张海生. 1999.深海(铁)锰结核微生物成因新证据[J].中国科学(D辑):29(4):362-366.

    Google Scholar

    矫东风, 金翔龙, 初凤友, 胡光道, 王艳霞. 2007.厚结壳的形成条件及控制因素分析[J].矿床地质, 26 (3):296-306.

    Google Scholar

    金庆焕. 2001. 海底矿产[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 广州: 暨南大学出版社.

    Google Scholar

    李超. 2013. 中太平洋CH海山玄武岩地球化学特征及富钴结壳成因[D]. 吉林大学硕士学位论文.

    Google Scholar

    林承毅, 张富生, 边立曾, 周旅复, 陈建林, 沈华悌. 1996.深海锰结核中微生物的分类及串珠状超微生物化石的研究[J].科学通报, 33(9):821-824.

    Google Scholar

    刘永刚, 何高文, 姚会强, 杨永, 任江波, 郭丽华, 梅燕雄. 2013.世界海底富钴结壳资源分布特征[J].矿床地质, 32(6):1275-1284.

    Google Scholar

    刘永刚, 姚会强, 于淼, 任江波, 杨永. 2014.国际海底矿产资源勘查与研究进展[J].海洋信息, (3):10-16.

    Google Scholar

    龙晓军, 赵广涛, 杨胜雄, 冷传旭, 祁奇, 崔尚公, 郝娅楠. 2015.西太平洋麦哲伦海山富钴结壳成分特征及古环境记录[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 35(5):47-55.

    Google Scholar

    栾锡武. 2006.大洋富钴结壳成因机制的探讨-水成因证据[J].海洋学研究, 24 (2):8-19.

    Google Scholar

    马维林, 金翔龙, 陈建林, 苏新, 章伟艳. 2002.中太平洋海山区富钻结壳地质特征研究[J].东海海洋, 20 (3):11-23.

    Google Scholar

    马维林. 2006. 海山类型与结壳成矿的关系研究[D]. 浙江大学博士论文.

    Google Scholar

    马维林, 金翔龙, 钟石兰, 初凤友. 2007.马尔库斯海脊富钴结壳的钙质超微化石生物地层学研究[J].海洋学报, 29 (5):174-180.

    Google Scholar

    潘家华, 刘淑琴. 1999.西太平洋富钴结壳的分布, 组分及元素地球化学[J].地球学报, 20(1):47-54.

    Google Scholar

    潘家华, 刘淑琴, 杨忆, 刘学清. 2002.西太平洋富钴结壳的类型、分布与产状[J].矿床地质, 2002(S1):44-47.

    Google Scholar

    任向文, Pulyaeva I, 吕华华, 石学法, 曹德凯. 2017.麦哲伦海山群MK海山富钴结壳钙质超微化石生物地层学研究[J].地学前缘, 24 (1):276-296.

    Google Scholar

    沈裕军, 钟祥, 贺泽全. 1999.大洋钴结壳资源研究开发现状[J].矿冶工程, 19 (2):11-13.

    Google Scholar

    史跃中, 胡超涌, 方念乔, 黄俊华. 2004.富钴结壳中有机碳同位素组成特征及其古海洋意义[J].地球科学, 29 (2):148-150.

    Google Scholar

    孙晓明, 薛婷, 何高文, 张美, 石贵勇, 王生伟, 陆红锋. 2006.太平洋海山富钻结壳铂族元素(PGE)和Os同位素地球化学及其成因意义[J].岩石学报, 22(12):3014-3026. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0569.2006.12.017

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    佟景贵. 2007. 太平洋富钻结壳矿物地球化学及古海洋与古环境重建[J]. 中国地质大学(北京)博士论文.

    Google Scholar

    王成厚. 1986.锰、铁的分离、聚集和锰结核的形成[J].中国科学(B辑), 10:1100-1107.

    Google Scholar

    王晓红, 周力平, 王毅民, 张学华, 柳小明, 樊兴涛, 刘克新, 周剑雄. 2008.太平洋富钴结壳高密度环境记录解读[J].中国科学(D辑):38 (9):1112-1121.

    Google Scholar

    许东禹, 姚德, 梁宏峰, 张丽洁. 1994.多金属结核形成的古海洋环境[M], 北京:地质出版社, 22-41.

    Google Scholar

    于赫楠, 孙国胜, 初凤友, 马维林, 孙珍军, 李超. 2013.中太平洋海山富钻结壳主要成壳元素特征[J].世界地质, 32(1):63-68.

    Google Scholar

    张富元, 章伟艳, 任向文, 张霄宇, 朱克超. 2015.全球三大洋海山钴结壳资源量估算[J].海洋学报, 2015, 37(1):88-105.

    Google Scholar

    张海生, 赵鹏大, 胡光道. 2004.中太平洋多金属结壳的地球化学特征[J].地球科学, 29(3):340-346.

    Google Scholar

    张丽洁, 姚德, 崔汝勇, 戚长谋. 1998.海底沉积铁锰矿床形成机制讨论[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质, 18(2):75-80.

    Google Scholar

    赵宏樵, 姚龙奎. 2003.中太平洋富钻结壳Co元素地球化学特征[J].东海海洋, 21(4):34-40.

    Google Scholar

    赵俐红. 2005. 中西太平洋富钴结壳生长海山的构造成因研究[D]. 中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所)博士论文.

    Google Scholar

    • Relative Articles
  • Cited by
  • Supplements
    • Proportional views
  • 加载中
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Figures(5)

Tables(4)

Export Citation
PDF
XML

Article Metrics

Article views(4959) PDF downloads(1186) Cited by(0)

Access History

Other Articles By Authors

Catalog

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    版权所有：中国地质调查局发展研究中心 copyright @2020