Abstract: The list of critical minerals forms the basis for countries to formulate national mineral resource security strategies and global mineral resources competition strategies. China is the largest mineral resource consumer, producer, and trading country in the world. To meet the requirements of integrated mineral resources management in the new era and ensure the security of China’s mineral resources, it is necessary to establish a list of China’s strategic and critical minerals in line with the country’s national conditions and the international situation in the new era. According to the development stage of our country and the characteristics of mineral reserves, production, consumption, and trade of mineral resources, this study proposes the concept of “strategic and critical minerals”, which is defined as mineral resources that are critical to national economy, defense, and security, or have greater supply risks, strong control over the world, or are indispensable to the development of strategic emerging industries. Accordingly, an assessment and screening model combining quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis was constructed, and 31 strategic and critical minerals, namely 21 shortage minerals and 10 dominant minerals, were screened, and a list of strategic and critical minerals in China was established.