| Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences | Host |
| Citation: |
YOU Zhen-dong, LIU Rong. RESEARCH ON IMPACT TECTONICS AND IMPACTITES:STATUS AND PROSPECTS[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2008, 14(1): 22-36, 21.
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RESEARCH ON IMPACT TECTONICS AND IMPACTITES:STATUS AND PROSPECTS
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Abstract
Transient (within 1 second)dynamic high pressures (ca tens of to up to one hundred GPa) and high temperatures (>1500℃)caused by the impact process will eventually result in the development of an astrobleme when a large meteorite impacts the earth's surface, and the surrounding rocks must undergo a special kind of metamorphism called impact metamorphism. The studies of impact tectonics include the following four topics:1. structure and morphology of the impact crater and its formation mechanism; 2. impact metamorphism and impact metamorphic rocks; 3. numerical simulation and experimental calculation of impact tectonics; and 4. economic benefits of impact tectonics. The studies of impact tectonics not only have academc significance but also have actual economic benefits. Vredefort-Witwatersrand in South Africa is one of the oldest impact tectonics and is also famous for its gold-uranium deposits. The Sudbury impact structure in Canada is famous for occurrence of a large syn-impact Cu-Ni deposit. Now oil and gas reservoirs related to post-impact tectonics are being explored for in a number of areas of North America and Central America. In addition, many impactites are used as building materials and many astroblemes become famous resort places, such as the Ries crater in Nordlingen, Germany. Much progress has been made in impact studies in China since the end of the 20th century. The Baisha crater found in Hainan in the early 1990s is known to the world and there are reports on possible craters such as Taihu in Jiangsu, Duolun in Inner Mongolia and Luoquanli near Xiuyan in Liaoning. However these structures remain to be further confirmed. The studies of global impact tectonics show that long-term stable cratons are favorable to discovering impact craters and many craters are hidden beneath Quaternary and older sediments. So satellite-borne photography and geophysical exploration will be effective in determining targets, and on that basis, through strengthening petrological and structural studies, impact craters may be confirmed.
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References
[1] Mason R, Sang Longkang.Metamorphic Geology [J].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press, 2007.139~150. [2] Sharpton Vl et al.Chicxulub multiring impact basin:size and other characteristics derived from gravity analysis [J].Science, 1993, 261:1564~ 1567. doi: 10.1126/science.261.5128.1564 [3] French BM. Traces of Catastrophe : a handbook of shock-metamorphic effect in terrestrial meterorite impact structures [10/7/2003], http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/CB. [4] Melosh HJ.Impact cratering :a Geological Process [M].New York:Oxford University Press, 1989. [5] Hamilton CJ. Terrestrial Impact Craters. 2001, http://www.solarviews.com/eng/tercrate.htm. [6] NASA : Near Earth Object Program : Images of meteor crater [23 Aug 2005], http://neo.jplnasa.gov/images/metor/crater.Html. [7] Reimold WU. Economic mineral deposits in impact structures: a review. In: Koeberl C, Henkel H (eds), Impact Tectonics[M]. New York: Springer, 2005, 479~ 552. [8] Mashchak MS, Naumov MV. Late modification-stage tectonic deformation of the Popigai impact structure, Russia. 2005 ibid. 191~ 210. [9] Puura V, Plado J. Settings of meteorite impact structures in the Svecofennian crustal domain, 2005 ibid. 211~ 245. [10] Chao ECT.Shock effects in certain rock forming minerals [J].Science, 1967, 156 (3772):192~ 202. doi: 10.1126/science.156.3772.192 [11] Vishnevsky SA, Afanasiev VP, Argunov KP, Pal'chik NA. Impact diamonds: their features, origin and significance, Novosibirsk. RAS Siberian Branch, SPC UIGGM. 53, 1997. [12] 王道经.海南白沙陨石坑[M].海南省:海南出版社, 1997. [13] 王尔康, 万玉秋, 施央申.太湖泽山岛冲击变质石英的发现与意义[J].科学通报, 1992, 38 (20):1875~ 1878. [14] 吴思本.多伦陨石坑的研究进展[J].中国地质, 1996, (8):14~ 16. [15] 覃功炯, 欧强, 常旭.国内外对天体撞击地球的撞击构造研究的新进展[J].地学前缘, 2001, 8 (2):345~ 352. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2001.02.020 [16] 覃功炯, 卢登蓉, 欧强, 储雪蕾.罗圈里撞击坑铂族元素异常及粗铂矿的发现及其意义[J].地学前缘, 2001, 8 (2):333~ 338. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2001.02.018 [17] 朱照宇, 周厚云, 乔玉楼, 等.华南玻璃陨石的原生层位及其事件地层学意义[J].地质力学学报, 2001 (4):296~ 302. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2001.04.002 [18] Marakushev AA (ed). Impactite, Isdatelstva [M]. Moscow : University, 1981. 236. -
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YOU Zhen-dong, LIU Rong. RESEARCH ON IMPACT TECTONICS AND IMPACTITES:STATUS AND PROSPECTS[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2008, 14(1): 22-36, 21.
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Figure 1.
Simple impact crater (upper)and complex impact crater (lower)(after Hamilton, 2001)[5]
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Figure 2.
Meteor crater in Arizona, United States (aero-photograph from NASA 2005)[6]
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Figure 3.
Sudbury large scale impact crater.upper:impact tectonics and the distribution of impactites; lower:distribution of major ore deposits (after Reimold, 2005, Fig. 8)[7]
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Figure 4.
Popigai post-impact tectonics.Different fault blocks with various sizes and heights of uplift (after M aschak and Naumov, 2005)[8]
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Figure 5.
Typical impact geological settings in the Svecofennian domain (after Puura and Plado, 2005)[9]
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Figure 6.
PT field of impact metamorphism and various impact effects as compared with normal metamorphism (shaded area)(after French, 2003)[3]
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Figure 图A.
Coesite inclusions (C) along fractures in quartz diaplectic glass from Ries, Germany (after French, 2003)[3]
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Figure 图B.
Impacted Cocconino quartzite in the Meteor crater, Arizona.Quartz grains are full of PDFs (after French, 2003)[3]
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Figure 图C.
Multiple sets of PDFs in quartz from impacted granite, Ries Germany:A [1013] or {0113}.B {1011}or {0111} (after French, 2003)[3]
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Figure 图D.
Suevite from the Ries Crater, Besides feldspar and quartz there are fragments of oolitic limestone. Field width 3. 8mm (on courtesy of Prof.R Mason)
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Figure 图E.
Impact melt in impact granite, Ries crater. FW = 3. 8mm (on courtesy of Prof.R Mason)
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Figure 图F.
Pseudotachylite glass (outcrop) filled in a fractured quartzite.Hammer at the upper right corner of the picture denotes the scale (after French, 2003, Chapter 5)[3]
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Figure 7.
Shatter cone in fine-grained limestone of the Haughton impact structure, Canada.Note the dispersed horse tail-like striae with apices pointing upward.Width 10cm (after French, 2003)[3]