| Citation: |
Yi-ke Li, Chang-hui Ke, Hong-quan She, Deng-hong Wang, Cheng Xu, An-jian Wang, Rui-ping Li, Zi-dong Peng, Ze-ying Zhu, Kui-feng Yang, Wei Chen, Jian-wei Zi, Wen-lei Song, Yong-gang Zhao, Li Zhang, Hong Yu, Bin Guo, Sheng-quan Zhou, Xing-yu Yuan, Jing-yao Liu, 2023. Geology and mineralization of the Bayan Obo supergiant carbonatite-type REE-Nb-Fe deposit in Inner Mongolia, China: A review, China Geology, 6, 716-750. doi: 10.31035/cg2023082
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Geology and mineralization of the Bayan Obo supergiant carbonatite-type REE-Nb-Fe deposit in Inner Mongolia, China: A review
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Abstract
The Bayan Obo supergiant carbonatite-related rare-earth-element-niobium-iron (REE-Nb-Fe) endogenetic deposit (thereafter as the Bayan Obo deposit), located at 150 km north of Baotou City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is the largest rare-earth element (REE) resource in the world. Tectonically, this deposit is situated on the northern margin of the North China Craton and adjacent to the Xing’an-Mongolian orogenic belt to the south. The main strata within the mining area include the Neoarchean Se’ertengshan Group and the Mesoproterozoic Bayan Obo Group. Generally, the rare earth, niobium, and iron mineralization within the deposit are intrinsically related to the dolomite carbonatites and the extensive alteration of the country rocks caused by the carbonatite magma intrusion. The alteration of country rocks can be categorized into three types: contact metasomatism (anti-skarn and skarn alteration), fenitization, and hornfelsic alternation. As indicated by previous studies and summarized in this review, the multi-element mineralization at Bayan Obo is closely associated with the metasomatic replacement of siliceous country rocks by carbonatite magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The metasomatic process is comparable to the conventional skarnification that formed due to the intrusion of intermediate-acid magmatic rocks into limestone strata. However, the migration pattern of SiO2, CaO, and MgO in this novel metasomatic process is opposite to the skarn alteration. Accordingly, this review delineates, for the first time, an anti-skarn metallogenic model for the Bayan Obo deposit, revealing the enigmatic relationship between the carbonatite magmatic-hydrothermal processes and the related iron and rare earth mineralization. Moreover, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the REE-Nd-Fe metallogenetic processes and the related fluorite mineralization at the Bayan Obo deposit.
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Keywords:
- Rare earth elements /
- Niobium ore /
- Iron ore /
- Fluorite ore /
- Igneous carbonatite /
- Fenitization /
- Metasomatism /
- Anti-skarn /
- Bayan Obo
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References
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Yi-ke Li, Chang-hui Ke, Hong-quan She, Deng-hong Wang, Cheng Xu, An-jian Wang, Rui-ping Li, Zi-dong Peng, Ze-ying Zhu, Kui-feng Yang, Wei Chen, Jian-wei Zi, Wen-lei Song, Yong-gang Zhao, Li Zhang, Hong Yu, Bin Guo, Sheng-quan Zhou, Xing-yu Yuan, Jing-yao Liu, 2023. Geology and mineralization of the Bayan Obo supergiant carbonatite-type REE-Nb-Fe deposit in Inner Mongolia, China: A review, China Geology, 6, 716-750. doi: 10.31035/cg2023082
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Figure 1.
Map showing the geotectonic setting in the Bayan Obo area.
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Figure 2.
Geological map of the Bayan Obo iron-REE deposit (modified after the Inner Mongolia First Regional Geological Institute, 1996; Inner Mongolia Geological Survey Institute, 2002; and data for geological mapping in this study).
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Figure 3.
Major alteration types in the Bayan Obo iron-REE deposit. a‒Magnetite-bearing aegirine-type anti-skarns in the Main Orebody, with magnetite forming lenses in late deformation; b‒aegirine-type anti-skarns, in the East Orebody, decomposed and metasomatized by late barites and calcites; c–banded aegirine-type anti-skarns, containing a minor amount of biotite; d‒biotite-pyrite veinlet network in potassium-rich slates on the eastern wall of the East Orebody; e‒biotite veinlets filling along the fractures of potassium-rich slates in the western pit in the West Orebody; f–fenites subjected to the albite and biotite alternation, with argillites serving as their protoliths; g‒riebeckite-biotite fenites, containing a minor amount of magnetite, with argillites serving as their protoliths; h‒metamorphic quartzites in the south of the Main Orebody, with quartz sandstones (with hornfelsic alternation) serving as their protoliths; i‒medium-grained metamorphic quartzites, showing wavy extinction and directionality; Aeg‒aegirine; Mag‒magnetite; Brt‒barite; Cc‒calcite, Bi‒biotite; Mic‒microcline; Py‒pyrite; Ab‒albite; Rbk‒riebeckite; Q‒quartz.
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Figure 4.
Horizontal section at a depth of 1260 m showing the iron, rare earth element, and niobium orebodies in the Main Orebody of the Bayan Obo deposit.
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Figure 5.
The No. 8 exploration line profile showing the iron, rare earth element, and niobium orebodies in the Main Orebody of the Bayan Obo deposit.
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Figure 6.
Horizontal section at a depth of 1430 m showing the iron, rare earth element, and niobium orebodies in the East Orebody of the Bayan Obo deposit.
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Figure 7.
The No. 23 exploration line profile showing the iron, rare earth element, and niobium orebodies in the East Orebody of the Bayan Obo deposit.
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Figure 8.
Map showing the spatial distributions of iron, rare earth element, and niobium orebodies in the West Orebody of the Bayan Obo deposit.
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Figure 9.
The No. 202 exploration line profile showing the iron and rare earth element orebodies in the Eastern Contact Orebody.
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Figure 10.
Typical ore types and structures of the Bayan Obo deposit. a–c–Dolomite-type REE ores; d–f–(Banded) fenite-type REE-Nb-Fe ores; g–i–Massive REE-Nb-Fe ores; j–k–Mica-type REE-Fe-fluorite ores; Aeg–aegirine; Brt–barite; Cc–calcite; Bi–biotite; Mic–microcline; Py–pyrite; Ab–albite; Rbk–riebeckite; Mag–magnetite; Hem–hematite; Fl–fluorite; Bast–bastnaesite; Mnz–monazite; Ap–apatite.
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Figure 11.
Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of principal rock units in the Bayan Obo deposit.
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Figure 12.
Histogram showing the dating data distributions of the Bayan Obo deposit (Fei XJ, 2019; Smith MP et al., 2015; Zhu XK et al., 2012)
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Figure 13.
The carbonatite intrusion and mineralization model for the Bayan Obo REE-Fe deposit