| Citation: |
Bin Lin, Ju-xing Tang, Pan Tang, Wen-bao Zheng, Yang Song, Fa-qiao Li, Qiu-feng Leng, Zhi-chao Wang, Jing Qi, Miao Sun, Juan David Bello Rodríguez, 2023. Geology, geochronology, and exploration of the Jiama giant porphyry copper deposit (11 Mt), Tibet, China: A review, China Geology, 6, 338-357. doi: 10.31035/cg2023031
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Geology, geochronology, and exploration of the Jiama giant porphyry copper deposit (11 Mt), Tibet, China: A review
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Abstract
Jiama, with more than 11 Mt of copper metal, is the largest porphyry-skarn copper system in the Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet, China, creating ideal conditions for deciphering the origin of porphyry ores in a collision setting. Despite massive studies of the geology, chronology, petrogenesis, and ore-related fluids and their sources in Jiama, there is a lack of systematic summaries and reviews of this system. In contrast to traditional porphyry copper systems in a subduction setting, recent studies and exploration suggest that the Jiama deposit includes porphyry-type Mo-Cu, skarn-type Cu polymetallic, vein-type Au and manto orebodies. This paper reviews the latest studies on the geology, chronology, petrogenesis, fluid inclusions, and isotopic geochemistry (hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and lead) of the Jiama deposit. Accordingly, a multi-center complex mineralization model was constructed, indicating that multi-phase intrusions from the same magma reservoir can form multiple hydrothermal centers. These centers are mutually independent and form various orebodies or are superimposed on each other and form thick, high-grade orebodies. Finally, a new comprehensive exploration model was established for the Jiama porphyry copper system. Both models established in this study help to refine the theories on continental-collision metallogeny and porphyry copper systems.
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References
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Bin Lin, Ju-xing Tang, Pan Tang, Wen-bao Zheng, Yang Song, Fa-qiao Li, Qiu-feng Leng, Zhi-chao Wang, Jing Qi, Miao Sun, Juan David Bello Rodríguez, 2023. Geology, geochronology, and exploration of the Jiama giant porphyry copper deposit (11 Mt), Tibet, China: A review, China Geology, 6, 338-357. doi: 10.31035/cg2023031
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Figure 1.
Tectonic setting and regional geology of the Gangdese metallogenic belt in Tibet (modified from 1∶1500000 Tibetan Geological Map).
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Figure 2.
Geology of the Jiama deposit showing the distribution of metal mineralization (modified from Lin B et al., 2019).
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Figure 3.
Jiama-Kajunguo thrust fault system and the Jiama porphyry copper system (modified from Lin B et al., 2019).
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Figure 4.
No. 24 geological section and the distribution of skarn minerals in the Jiama deposit (modified from Zheng WB et al., 2016).
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Figure 5.
Mineralization in different host rocks in the Jiama deposit, Tibet. a‒Veins and disseminated Mol and Cpy in skarn; b‒Massive Sph-Cpy-Gn-Po in the skarn; c‒Qtz-Mol and Qtz-Py veinlets in hornfels; d‒Qtz-Mol-Cpy veins with Ser halos in hornfels; e‒Qtz-Mol veins in the porphyry; f‒Qtz-Mol-Chl-Cal veins cut by Qtz-Cpy-Py veins with Ser halos in the porphyry. Bio‒biotite; Cpy‒-chalcopyrite; Chl‒chlorite; Grt‒garnet; Gn‒galena; Mol‒molybdenite; Pl‒Plagioclase; Po‒pyrrhotite; Py‒pyrite; Qtz‒quartz; Ser‒sericite.
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Figure 6.
Photomicrographs of different types of mineralization in the Jiama deposit, Tibet. a‒Cpy, Sph, Cc and Bn mineralization in skarn; b‒Bn and Cpy mineralization in skarn; c‒d‒Cpy, Gn, and Sph mineralization; e‒Mol and Cpy mineralization in porphyry; f‒Au in the Po with Cpy in skarn.
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Figure 7.
Geology and mineralization of No. 52 (a) and No. 8 (b) geological sections in the Jiama deposit (modified from Lin B et al., 2019).
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Figure 8.
Paragenesis of the mineralization in the Jiama deposit, Tibet (modified from Leng QF, 2016).
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Figure 9.
Geochronology of the Jiama deposit, Tibet.
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Figure 10.
Distribution of mineralization ages and tonnages of porphyry copper deposits in China (modified from Yang ZM et al., 2019).
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Figure 11.
Plot showing the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of different minerals in the Jiama deposit, Tibet (modified from Leng QF, 2016).
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Figure 12.
Sulfur isotopic compositions of different minerals and rocks in the Jiama deposit, Tibet.
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Figure 13.
Lead isotopic compositions of different rocks and minerals in the Jiama deposit (after Zartman RE and Doe B R, 1981; modified from Zheng WB., 2012).
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Figure 14.
Comprehensive exploration model of the Jiama deposit, Tibet.