| Citation: |
Valentina Grebenshchikova, Mikhail Kuzmin, Anna Novopashina, Elena Kuz’mina, 2025. Distribution and role of fluorine in the aquatic ecosystem (mineral springs, groundwater, tributaries, Baikal water, and the Angara water source) of Lake Baikal, Russia, China Geology, 8, 303-313. doi: 10.31035/cg20230100
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Distribution and role of fluorine in the aquatic ecosystem (mineral springs, groundwater, tributaries, Baikal water, and the Angara water source) of Lake Baikal, Russia
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Abstract
Several conjugate components represent the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Baikal: Baikal water (surface and deep water), groundwater from boreholes, water of numerous Baikal tributaries, cold and hot mineral springs around Lake Baikal, and the Angara River, the only runoff reflecting all this aquatic diversity. River waters in the Baikal region are known to be deficient in some vital elements, including fluorine. This article discusses the features of the fluorine distribution in the water from the conjugate components of the Baikal ecosystem. Fluorine ion concentrations in the water of the Baikal ecosystem was determined using the potentiometric method. The study represents the monitoring that was carried out between 1997 and 2022 years. We determine likely causes of high and low fluorine concentrations in the water from different components, propose and substantiate the fluorine sources, geological and geochemical model of its influx and distribution features in the water of the Baikal ecosystem.
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Keywords:
- Clean fresh water /
- Aquatic ecosystem /
- Concentration /
- Fluorine /
- Sources /
- Anthropogenic factor /
- Formation model /
- Lake Baikal
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References
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Valentina Grebenshchikova, Mikhail Kuzmin, Anna Novopashina, Elena Kuz’mina, 2025. Distribution and role of fluorine in the aquatic ecosystem (mineral springs, groundwater, tributaries, Baikal water, and the Angara water source) of Lake Baikal, Russia, China Geology, 8, 303-313. doi: 10.31035/cg20230100
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Figure 1.
Distribution of fluorine concentrations (mg/L) in the surface waters of the Baikal region (after Grebenshchikova VI et al., 2008).
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Figure 2.
Schematic map of the geological structure of the Baikal aquatic ecosystem (after Sklyarova OA, 2017).
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Figure 3.
Scheme of water sampling from the conjugate components of the Baikal ecosystem (blue dots mark Baikal water, squares with dots–sampling sites of deep water and water from the Angara source, red dots–water from boreholes, green circle–water from mineral springs).
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Figure 4.
Distribution diagram of F- concentrations in the conjugate aquatic components of the Baikal ecosystem (mg/L).
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Figure 5.
Distribution of fluorine ion concentrations in the water from the estuaries of the Baikal tributaries: Summer of 2007, spring of 2019 and autumn of 2019 (mg/L).
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Figure 6.
Distribution of F- concentrations (mg/L) in the surface and deep water of Lake Baikal in 2018 to 2020 and 2022 (green lines mark spring and brown lines–autumn).
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Figure 7.
Monthly (blue) and average annual concentrations (red) of fluorine ion in the water of the Angara source from 1998 to 2022 (mg/L).
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Figure 8.
A generalized scheme of geological and geochemical model of fluorine influx to the water of the Baikal region (after Lomonosov IS and Pokatilov YuG, 1986; Didenkov YuN et al., 2006) with the additions: 1–Cenozoic deposits (Q–polygenetic facies of the Quaternary molasse formation; N2–coarse-grained clastic molasse formation of the Upper Neogene; N1–fine-grained molassoid formation of the Lower Neogene); 2–Earth’s crust (magmatic and metamorphic formations of the Archean-Proterozoic age, AR+PR); 3–conductive layer according magnetotelluric sounding data (Pospeev AV, 2012); 4–upper mantle roof according velocity structure (Nielsen Ch and Thybo H, 2009); 5–asthenosphere according magnetotelluric sounding data (Berdichevsky MN et al., 1999); 6–modern thermal springs; 7–natural cold water outlets; 8–chemical elements in the gas phase; 9–fractures in rocks; 10–active faults reaching the Moho depth (Seminsk KZ and Tugarina MA, 2011); 11–melatinization zone (Letnikov FA, 2006); 12–direction of supposed fluorine movement; 13–direction of meteoric water movement; 14–precipitation.