| Citation: |
Jun He, Tong Feng, Liang Tao, Yue-e Peng, Lei Tong, Xin-wen Zhao, Xin Shao, Lin-ya Xu, Yan-lin Yang, Yong-bo Zhao, 2022. Distribution and impacts on the geological environment of antiviral drugs in major waters of Wuhan, China, China Geology, 5, 402-410. doi: 10.31035/cg2022047
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Distribution and impacts on the geological environment of antiviral drugs in major waters of Wuhan, China
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Abstract
This study investigated water samples collected from the surface water and groundwater in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in different stages of the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (hereinafter referred to as COVID-19) in the city, aiming to determine the distribution characteristics of antiviral drugs in the city’s waters. The results are as follows. The main hydrochemical type of surface water and groundwater in Wuhan was Ca-HCO3. The major chemical components in the groundwater had higher concentrations and spatial variability than those in the surface water. Two antiviral drugs and two glucocorticoids were detected in the surface water, groundwater, and sewage during the COVID-19 outbreak. Among them, chloroquine phosphate and cortisone had higher detection rates of 32.26% and 25.80%, respectively in all samples. The concentrations of residual drugs in East Lake were higher than those in other waters. The main drug detected in the waters in the later stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan was chloroquine phosphate, whose detection rates in the surface water and the groundwater were 53.85% and 28.57%, respectively. Moreover, the detection rate and concentration of chloroquine phosphate were higher in East Lake than in Huangjia Lake. The groundwater containing chloroquine phosphate was mainly distributed along the river areas where the groundwater was highly vulnerable. The residual drugs in the surface water and the groundwater had lower concentrations in the late stage of the COVID-19 outbreak than in the middle of the outbreak, and they have not yet caused any negative impacts on the ecological environment.
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References
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Jun He, Tong Feng, Liang Tao, Yue-e Peng, Lei Tong, Xin-wen Zhao, Xin Shao, Lin-ya Xu, Yan-lin Yang, Yong-bo Zhao, 2022. Distribution and impacts on the geological environment of antiviral drugs in major waters of Wuhan, China, China Geology, 5, 402-410. doi: 10.31035/cg2022047
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Figure 1.
Location of surface water, groundwater samples and geological cross section in Wuhan city.
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Figure 2.
Simplified geological cross section along the line A-A’ (after He J et al., 2016), The location of the section is shown in Fig. 1.
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Figure 3.
Concentration of drug for COVID-19 in water environment of Wuhan City during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Figure 4.
The piper chart of water samples in the later stage of COVID-19 outbreak.
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Figure 5.
Concentration of chloroquine phosphate in surface water at the later stage of COVID-19 outbreak. The yellow dots represents the sample with chloroquine phosphate detected, the green dots represents the sample with no chloroquine phosphate detected. a–East lake; b–Huangjia Lake
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Figure 6.
Concentration of chloroquine phosphate in groundwater at the later stage of COVID-19 outbreak. The red dots represents the sample with chloroquine phosphate detected, the green dots represents the sample with no chloroquine phosphate detected.
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Figure 7.
Concentration of chloroquine phosphate in surface water of the East Lake in different stages of COVID-19 outbreak.
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Figure 8.
Concentration of chloroquine phosphate in groundwater in different stages of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Figure 9.
Precipitation of East Lake Meteorological Station in 2020 (Wuhan Municipal Water Authority, 2021).