Citation: | Qiang Fu, José B. Diez, Mike Pole, Manuel García-Ávila, Xin Wang, 2020. Nanjinganthus is an angiosperm, isn’t it?, China Geology, 3, 359-361. doi: 10.31035/cg2020005 |
Nanjinganthus is an Early Jurassic angiosperm recognized based on the study of over 200 specimens. However, some other authors have misinterpreted these fossils. Here the authors try to remedy the problems, by pointing out the logical pitfalls in these publications and underscoring a long-used, workable criterion for early angiosperms. The paper explains the cons and pros of this criterion, hoping to bring palaeobotany and plant taxonomy back to a consistent and practical track. Nanjinganthus is an angiosperm.
[1] | Bateman RM. 2020. Hunting the Snark: The flawed search for mythical Jurassic angiosperms. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(1), 22–35. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz411. |
[2] | Bateman RM, Hilton J, Rudall PJ. 2006. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic context of the angiosperms: Contrasting the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches used to infer the likely characteristics of the first flowers. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(13), 3471–3503. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erl128 |
[3] | Buzgo M, Soltis Pamela S, Soltis Douglas E. 2004. Floral developmental morphology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165(6), 925–947. doi: 10.1086/424024 |
[4] | Coiffard C, Mohr BAR, Bernardes-de-Oliveira MEC. 2014. Hexagyne philippiana gen. et sp. nov., a piperalean angiosperm from the Early Cretaceous of northern Gondwana (Crato Formation, Brazil). Taxon, 63(6), 1275–1286. doi: 10.12705/636.17 |
[5] | Coiro M, Doyle JA, Hilton J. 2019. How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms? New Phytologist, 223(1), 83–99. doi: 10.1111/nph.15708 |
[6] | Friedman WE. 1992. Double fertilization in nonflowering seed plants. International Review of Cytology, 140, 319–355. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61101-8 |
[7] | Friis EM, Crane PR, Pedersen KR. 2011. The early flowers and angiosperm evolution. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 596. |
[8] | Friis EM, Pedersen KR, Crane PR. 2001. Fossil evidence of water lilies (Nymphaeales) in the Early Cretaceous. Nature, 410(6826), 357–360. doi: 10.1038/35066557 |
[9] | Friis EM, Pedersen KR, von Balthazar M, Grimm GW, Crane PR. 2009. Monetianthus mirus gen. et sp. nov., a nymphaealean flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 170(8), 1086–1101. doi: 10.1086/605120 |
[10] | Fu Q, Diez JB, Pole M, Garcia-Avila M, Liu ZJ, Chu H, Hou Y, Yin P, Zhang GQ, Du K, Wang X. 2018. An unexpected noncarpellate epigynous flower from the Jurassic of China. eLife, 7, e38827. doi: 10.7554/eLife.38827 |
[11] | Han G, Liu Z, Wang X. 2017. A Dichocarpum-like angiosperm from the Early Cretaceous of China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 90(1), 1–8. |
[12] | Herendeen PS, Friis EM, Pedersen KR, Crane PR. 2017. Palaeobotanical redux: Revisiting the age of the angiosperms. Nature Plants, 3, 17015. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2017.15 |
[13] | Rümpler F, Theißen G. 2019. Reconstructing the ancestral flower of extant angiosperms: The ‘war of the whorls’ is heating up. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70(10), 2615–2622. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz106 |
[14] | Sokoloff DD, Remizowa MV, El ES, Rudall PJ, Bateman RM. 2019. Supposed Jurassic angiosperms lack pentamery, an important angiosperm-specific feature. New Phytologist. doi: 10.1111/nph.15974. |
[15] | Sun G, Dilcher DL, Zheng S, Zhou Z. 1998. In search of the first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China. Science, 282, 1692–1695. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5394.1692 |
[16] | Taylor DW, Li H. 2018. Paleobotany: Did flowering plants exist in the Jurassic period? eLife, 7, e43421. doi: 10.7554/eLife.43421 |
[17] | Tomlinson PB, Takaso T. 2002. Seed cone structure in conifers in relation to development and pollination: A biological approach. Canadian Journal of Botany, 80(12), 1250–1273. doi: 10.1139/b02-112 |
[18] | Wang X. 2010. Schmeissneria: An angiosperm from the Early Jurassic. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 48(5), 326–335. doi: 10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00090.x |
[19] | Wang X. 2017. A biased, misleading review on early angiosperms. Natural Science, 9(12), 399–405. doi: 10.4236/ns.2017.912037 |
[20] | Wang X. 2018. The Dawn Angiosperms. Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 407 . |
Top views of Nanjinganthus dendrostyla, showing an ovary with ovarian roof removed and two seeds inside (a), another ovary with ovarian roof partially removed and only one seed visible (b), and a coalified flower with intact ovarian roof and no seeds visible (c). d−the intact integral ovarian roof of the flower in rectangle in c, with a style scar (white circle) on the top of the complete and intact ovarian roof. e−the reconstruction of Nanjinganthus. 1−branches of dendroid style; 2−dendroid style; 3−sepal; 4−ovarian roof; 5−scale; 6−seed; 7−cup-form receptacle/ovary; 8−bract; 9−petal; 10−unknown organ (staminode?). Scale bar = 1 mm in a, b, c, and scale bar = 0.2 mm in d. Reproduced from figures (Figs. 4c, 5h, 6f, 6l, 11) of Fu Q et al. (2018) published on eLife under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).