Sources of karst cave deposits in Xiaodong Cave in Cangyuan, Southwest Yunnan

SHI Lin; YANG Qing; LIU Lianwen; ZHANG Jin; ZHENG Yan; ZHANG Yu; YANG Wanshu; ZOU Zining; ZHENG Hongbo

doi:10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2024011701

2024 Vol. 44, No. 2

Article Contents

Article navigation > Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology > 2024 > 44(2): 81-96

Next Article Previous Article

SHI Lin, YANG Qing, LIU Lianwen, ZHANG Jin, ZHENG Yan, ZHANG Yu, YANG Wanshu, ZOU Zining, ZHENG Hongbo. Sources of karst cave deposits in Xiaodong Cave in Cangyuan, Southwest Yunnan[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2024, 44(2): 81-96. doi: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2024011701

Citation:

SHI Lin, YANG Qing, LIU Lianwen, ZHANG Jin, ZHENG Yan, ZHANG Yu, YANG Wanshu, ZOU Zining, ZHENG Hongbo. Sources of karst cave deposits in Xiaodong Cave in Cangyuan, Southwest Yunnan[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2024, 44(2): 81-96. doi: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2024011701

Sources of karst cave deposits in Xiaodong Cave in Cangyuan, Southwest Yunnan

1.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
2.
Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Humanities Technology Research and Development and Application, School of History and Archives, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
3.
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering. Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
4.
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
5.
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China

More Information

Corresponding author: YANG Qing, yangqing@ynu.edu.cn

Received Date: 17 January 2024

Revised Date: 10 March 2024

Accepted Date: 10 March 2024

Publish Date: 28 April 2024

Abstract

Abstract

Karst caves are valuable locations for studying prehistoric human activities during the Quaternary Period. Analyzing the depositional characteristics and provenance of clastic deposits in karst caves is crucial for understanding the evolutionary history of the depositional environment and shedding light on past human behaviors. Xiaodong Cave in Cangyuan, Southwest Yunnan was studied to unveil the source of clastic sediments. The grain size and mineralogical features of various clay minerals within and around the cave were analyzed. Results show that the cave sediments came mainly from the sediments in higher places outside the cave through sheet flow as shown in grain size characteristics. In addition, a small amount of insoluble material from limestone and materials formed after further weathering and pedogenesis were also accumulated. Overall, there might be four periods of further weathering and pedogenesis. Moreover, there were limestone breccias and rock debris fallen off from cave walls, from which four events of accumulation of limestone breccia or debris were recognized. The latest accumulation was obviously affected by human activities, to which sufficient attention should be paid in research works.
- karst cave deposits /
- source tracking /
- grain size /
- clay minerals

FullText(HTML)

References

[1]	袁道先. 中国岩溶学[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1994: 1-2 Google Scholar YUAN Daoxian. Karstology in China[M]. Beijing: Geology Press, 1994: 1-2.] Google Scholar
[2]	刘泽纯. 第四纪岩溶洞穴堆积与古人类活动[J]. 第四纪研究, 1985, 6(1):60-68 Google Scholar LIU Zechun. Deposits in Quaternary limestone caves in relation to the life of early man[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 1985, 6(1):60-68.] Google Scholar
[3]	曹泽田. 贵州水城硝灰洞旧石器文化遗址[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1978, 16(1):67-72 Google Scholar CAO Zetian. The Paleolithic cultural site of Xiaohui Cave in Shuicheng, Guizhou province[J]. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 1978, 16(1):67-72.] Google Scholar
[4]	任美锷, 刘泽纯, 金瑾乐, 等. 北京周口店洞穴发育及其与古人类生活的关系[J]. 中国科学, 1981, 11(3):330-336 Google Scholar REN Meie, LIU Zechun, JIN Jinle, et al. The relationship between cave development and human subsistence in Zhoukoudian, Beijing[J]. Scientia Sinica, 1981, 11(3):330-336.] Google Scholar
[5]	曹泽田. 猫猫洞旧石器之研究[J]. 古脊椎动物与古人类, 1982, 20(2):155-164 Google Scholar CAO Zetian. On the palaeolithic artefacts from Mao-Mao-Dong (the rock shelter site), Guizhou Province[J]. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 1982, 20(2):155-164.] Google Scholar
[6]	李炎贤, 蔡回阳. 贵州普定白岩脚洞旧石器时代遗址[J]. 人类学学报, 1986, 5(2):162-171 Google Scholar LI Yanxian, CAI Huiyang. A Paleolithic site at Puding, Guizhou[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1986, 5(2):162-171.] Google Scholar
[7]	张松林, 刘彦锋. 织机洞旧石器时代遗址发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2003, 22(1):1-17 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2003.01.001 CrossRef Google Scholar ZHANG Songlin, LIU Yanfeng. Report on the excavation of Zhijidong Cave site[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2003, 22(1):1-17.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2003.01.001 CrossRef Google Scholar
[8]	吉学平, 刘成武, 谭惠忠, 等. 大河洞穴之魅: 富源大河旧石器遗址揭秘[J]. 中国文化遗产, 2008(6):78-83 Google Scholar JI Xueping, LIU Chengwu, TAN Huizhong, et al. The glamour of cave in Dahe: uncovering the Paleolithic sites of Dahe in Fuyuan[J]. China Cultural Heritage, 2008(6):78-83.] Google Scholar
[9]	武仙竹, 裴树文, 吴秀杰, 等. 湖北郧西白龙洞古人类遗址初步研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2009, 28(1):1-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2009.01.001 CrossRef Google Scholar WU Xianzhu, PEI Shuwen, WU Xiujie, et al. A preliminary study of the Bailong Cave paleoanthropological site in Yunxi county, Hubei province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2009, 28(1):1-15.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3193.2009.01.001 CrossRef Google Scholar
[10]	张美良, 朱晓燕, 覃军干, 等. 桂林甑皮岩洞穴的形成、演化及古人类文化遗址堆积浅议[J]. 地球与环境, 2011, 39(3):305-312 Google Scholar ZHANG Meiliang, ZHU Xiaoyan, QIN Jungan, et al. Primary research on the formation and development of Zengpiyan Cave and the ancient cultural layer at the Zengpiyan archaeological site, Guilin, China[J]. Earth and Environment, 2011, 39(3):305-312.] Google Scholar
[11]	关莹, 蔡回阳, 王晓敏, 等. 贵州毕节老鸦洞遗址2013年发掘报告[J]. 人类学学报, 2015, 34(4):461-477 Google Scholar GUAN Ying, CAI Huiyang, WANG Xiaomin, et al. A preliminary report of the Laoya Cave late Paleolithic Site in Bijie, Guizhou Province[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2015, 34(4):461-477.] Google Scholar
[12]	Ji X P, Curnoe D, Taçon P S C, et al. Cave use and palaeoecology at Maludong (Red Deer Cave), Yunnan, China[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports, 2016, 8:277-283. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.06.025 CrossRef Google Scholar
[13]	Ji X P, Kuman K, Clarke R J, et al. The oldest Hoabinhian technocomplex in Asia (43.5 ka) at Xiaodong rockshelter, Yunnan Province, southwest China[J]. Quaternary International, 2016, 400:166-174. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.080 CrossRef Google Scholar
[14]	李大伟, 王頠, 胡超涌, 等. 广西陆那洞古人类遗址古环境背景研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2017, 37(4):877-884 doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2017.04.22 CrossRef Google Scholar LI Dawei, WANG Wei, HU Chaoyong, et al. Paleoenvironment background research in Luna Cave, Guangxi[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2017, 37(4):877-884.] doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2017.04.22 CrossRef Google Scholar
[15]	Gillieson D. Caves: Processes, Development, Management[M]. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1996: 59-260. Google Scholar
[16]	Caldeira D, Uagoda R, Nogueira A M, et al. Late Quaternary episodes of clastic sediment deposition in the Tarimba Cave, Central Brazil[J]. Quaternary International, 2021, 580:22-37. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.012 CrossRef Google Scholar
[17]	陆从伦, 周春林. 南京喀斯特溶洞碎屑充填物的沉积特征和气候地层学研究[J]. 南京师大学报:自然科学版, 1998, 21(1):116-119,124 Google Scholar LU Conglun, ZHOU Chunlin. Sedimentologies and climatic stratigraphy study on clastic sediment of karst cave in Nanjing[J]. Journal of Nanjing Normal University:Natural Science, 1998, 21(1):116-119,124.] Google Scholar
[18]	张茂恒, 周春林, 尚晓春. 南京汤山猿人洞穴的形成及发展过程[J]. 江苏地质, 2001, 25(1):23-26 Google Scholar ZHANG Maoheng, ZHOU Chunlin, SHANG Xiaochun. The formation and evolving process of Tangshan Ape-man Caves, Nanjing[J]. Jiangsu Geology, 2001, 25(1):23-26.] Google Scholar
[19]	周春林, 袁林旺, 刘泽纯, 等. 南京汤山葫芦洞地质雷达勘探洞穴堆积研究[J]. 江苏地质, 2007, 31(1):25-29 Google Scholar ZHOU Chunlin, YUAN Linwang, LIU Zechun, et al. Study on ground penetration radar exploration on sediments in Hulu Cave of Tangshan, Nanjing[J]. Jiangsu Geology, 2007, 31(1):25-29.] Google Scholar
[20]	周春林, 袁林旺, 梁中, 等. 南京汤山葫芦洞碎屑堆积地层对比及地貌演化过程重建[J]. 地理研究, 2009, 28(2):321-332 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2009.02.006 CrossRef Google Scholar ZHOU Chunlin, YUAN Linwang, LIANG Zhong, et al. Comparison of cave deposit stratum and reconstruction of landform evolution in Hulu cave of Tangshan, Nanjing[J]. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(2):321-332.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2009.02.006 CrossRef Google Scholar
[21]	Osborne R A L. Sedimentation in karst caves, a review[J]. Geological Society of Australia N. S. W. Division, 1986(2):189-217. Google Scholar
[22]	Ford D, Williams P. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology[M]. Chichester: Wiley, 2007: 1-562. Google Scholar
[23]	White W B. Cave sediments and paleoclimate[J]. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 2007, 69(1):76-93. Google Scholar
[24]	刘泽纯. 第四纪岩溶洞穴堆积层的特点[J]. 南京大学学报:自然科学版, 1982(1):163-178 Google Scholar LIU Zechun. The character of the formation deposited in a limestone cave[J]. Journal of Nanjing University:Natural Science, 1982(1):163-178.] Google Scholar
[25]	Lynch F L, Mahler B J, Hauwert N N. Provenance of suspended sediment discharged from a karst aquifer determined by clay mineralogy[M]//Sasowsky I D, Mylroie J. Studies of Cave Sediments. Boston: Springer, 2004: 83-93. Google Scholar
[26]	Martín-Pérez A, Martín-García R, Alonso-Zarza A M, et al. Features and origin of red clays in Castañar Cave: a touch of colour[M]//Andreo B, Carrasco F, Durán J J, et al. Advances in Research in Karst Media. Berlin: Springer, 2010: 515-520. Google Scholar
[27]	Martín-García R, Martín-Pérez A, Alonso-Zarza A M. Weathering of host rock and corrosion over speleothems in Castañar cave, Spain: an example of a complex meteoric environment[J]. Carbonates and Evaporites, 2011, 26(1):83-94. doi: 10.1007/s13146-010-0039-9 CrossRef Google Scholar
[28]	Sun D H, Bloemendal J, Rea D K, et al. Bimodal grain-size distribution of Chinese Loess, and its palaeoclimatic implications[J]. CATENA, 2004, 55(3):325-340. doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(03)00109-7 CrossRef Google Scholar
[29]	Sun D H, Bloemendal J, Rea D K, et al. Grain-size distribution function of polymodal sediments in hydraulic and aeolian environments, and numerical partitioning of the sedimentary components[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2002, 152(3-4):263-277. doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00082-9 CrossRef Google Scholar
[30]	Qiao Y S, Guo Z T, Hao Q Z, et al. Grain-size features of a Miocene Loess-soil sequence at Qinan: implications on its origin[J]. Science in China Series D, 2006, 49(7):731-738. doi: 10.1007/s11430-006-0731-8 CrossRef Google Scholar
[31]	Lu H Y, An Z S. Paleoclimatic significance of grain size of Loess-palaeosol deposit in Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences, 1998, 41(6):626-631. doi: 10.1007/BF02878745 CrossRef Google Scholar
[32]	汪海斌, 陈发虎, 张家武. 黄土高原西部地区黄土粒度的环境指示意义[J]. 中国沙漠, 2002, 22(1):21-26 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2002.01.005 CrossRef Google Scholar WANG Haibin, CHEN Fahu, ZHANG Jiawu. Environmental significance of grain size of Loess-paleosol sequence in western part of Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2002, 22(1):21-26.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2002.01.005 CrossRef Google Scholar
[33]	刘冬雁, 李巍然, 彭莎莎, 等. 粒度分析在中国第四纪黄土古气候研究中的应用现状[J]. 中国海洋大学学报, 2010, 40(2):79-84 Google Scholar LIU Dongyan, LI Weiran, PENG Shasha, et al. Current application of grain size analysis in Chinese Loess paleoclimatic study[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2010, 40(2):79-84.] Google Scholar
[34]	敬安, 万国江, 张峰, 等. 不同时间尺度下的湖泊沉积物环境记录: 以沉积物粒度为例[J]. 中国科学D辑:地球科学, 2003, 33(6): 563-568 Google Scholar CHEN Jing’an, WAN Guojiang, ZHANG Feng, et al. Environmental records of lacustrine sediments in different time scales: sediment grain size as an example[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2004, 47(10): 954-960.] Google Scholar
[35]	陈敬安, 万国江, 徐经意. 洱海沉积物粒度记录与气候干湿变迁[J]. 沉积学报, 2000, 18(3):341-345 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2000.03.003 CrossRef Google Scholar CHEN Jing’an, WAN Guojiang, XU Jingyi. Sediment particle sizes and the Dry-Humid transformation of the regional climate in Erhai lake[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2000, 18(3):341-345.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2000.03.003 CrossRef Google Scholar
[36]	王君波, 朱立平. 藏南沉错沉积物的粒度特征及其古环境意义[J]. 地理科学进展, 2002, 21(5):459-467 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6301.2002.05.007 CrossRef Google Scholar WANG Junbo, ZHU Liping. Grain-size characteristics and their paleo-environmental significance of Chen Co Lake sediments in southern Xizang[J]. Progress in Geography, 2002, 21(5):459-467.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6301.2002.05.007 CrossRef Google Scholar
[37]	刘兴起, 姚波, 杨波. 青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖沉积物及风成物的粒度特征[J]. 第四纪研究, 2010, 30(6):1193-1198 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2010.06.17 CrossRef Google Scholar LIU Xingqi, YAO Bo, YANG Bo. Grain size distribution of Aeolian and lacustrine sediments of Kusai lake in the Hoh Xil region of the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2010, 30(6):1193-1198.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2010.06.17 CrossRef Google Scholar
[38]	肖舜, 陈发虎, 强明瑞, 等. 青海苏干湖表层沉积物粒度分布模式与大气粉尘记录[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(11):1153-1164 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.11.004 CrossRef Google Scholar XIAO Shun, CHEN Fahu, QIANG Mingrui, et al. Distribution pattern of grain size in surface sediments from Sugan Lake and its potential in recording Aeolian dust in Arid China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(11):1153-1164.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.11.004 CrossRef Google Scholar
[39]	Qiang M, Lang L, Wang Z. Do fine-grained components of loess indicate westerlies: insights from observations of dust storm deposits at Lenghu (Qaidam Basin, China)[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2010, 74(10):1232-1239. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.06.002 CrossRef Google Scholar
[40]	杨转玲, 钱广强, 董治宝, 等. 库姆塔格沙漠北部三垄沙地区风成沉积物粒度特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 2016, 36(3):589-596 doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00102 CrossRef Google Scholar YANG Zhuanling, QIAN Guangqiang, DONG Zhibao, et al. Grain size characteristics of the Aeolian sediments from Sanlongsha area of the Northern Kumtagh Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2016, 36(3):589-596.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00102 CrossRef Google Scholar
[41]	徐树建. 风成沉积物环境敏感粒度指标的提取及意义[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2007, 21(3):95-98 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-7578.2007.03.020 CrossRef Google Scholar XU Shujian. Analysis of grain-size populations with environmentally sensitive components in Aeolian deposits and their implications[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2007, 21(3):95-98.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-7578.2007.03.020 CrossRef Google Scholar
[42]	强明瑞, 李森, 金明, 等. 60 ka来腾格里沙漠东南缘风成沉积与沙漠演化[J]. 中国沙漠, 2000, 20(3):256-259 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2000.03.007 CrossRef Google Scholar QIANG Mingrui, LI Sen, JIN Ming, et al. Aeolian deposits on the southeastern margin of Tengger Desert and desert evolution during the last 60 000 Years[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2000, 20(3):256-259.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2000.03.007 CrossRef Google Scholar
[43]	宋洁, 春喜, 白雪梅, 等. 中国沙漠粒度分析研究综述[J]. 中国沙漠, 2016, 36(3):597-603 doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00142 CrossRef Google Scholar SONG Jie, CHUN Xi, BAI Xuemei, et al. Review of grain size analysis in China Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2016, 36(3):597-603.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00142 CrossRef Google Scholar
[44]	Moreno A, Cacho I, Canals M, et al. Saharan Dust transport and high-latitude glacial climatic variability: the Alboran Sea record[J]. Quaternary Research, 2002, 58(3):318-328. doi: 10.1006/qres.2002.2383 CrossRef Google Scholar
[45]	Rea D K, Snoeckx H, Joseph L H. Late Cenozoic Eolian deposition in the North Pacific: Asian drying, Xizang uplift, and cooling of the Northern Hemisphere[J]. Paleoceanography, 1998, 13(3):215-224. doi: 10.1029/98PA00123 CrossRef Google Scholar
[46]	Shu G, Collins M. The use of grain size trends in marine sediment dynamics: a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2001, 19(3):265-271. doi: 10.1007/BF02850664 CrossRef Google Scholar
[47]	王伟, 李安春, 徐方建, 等. 北黄海表层沉积物粒度分布特征及其沉积环境分析[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2009, 40(5):525-531 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0029-814X.2009.05.001 CrossRef Google Scholar WANG Wei, LI Anchun, XU Fangjian, et al. Distribution of surface sediments and sedimentary environment in the North Yellow Sea[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2009, 40(5):525-531.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0029-814X.2009.05.001 CrossRef Google Scholar
[48]	万世明, 李安春, Stuut J B W, 等. 南海北部ODP1146站粒度揭示的近20Ma以来东亚季风演化[J]. 中国科学 D辑: 地球科学, 2007, 37(6): 761-770 Google Scholar WAN Shiming, LI Anchun, Stuut J B W, et al. Grain-size records at ODP site 1146 from the Northern South China Sea: implications on the East Asian Monsoon evolution since 20 Ma[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, 50(10): 1536-1547.] Google Scholar
[49]	杨丛宁, 张戈, 刘思昭, 等. 大连金远洞更新世洞穴红色堆积物粒度特征及沉积环境分析[J]. 地质与资源, 2018, 27(6):508-513 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1947.2018.06.002 CrossRef Google Scholar YANG Congning, ZHANG Ge, LIU Sizhao, et al. Analysis on the grain size characteristics and sedimentary environment of the Pleistocene red cave deposits in Jinyuandong, Dalian[J]. Geology and Resources, 2018, 27(6):508-513.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1947.2018.06.002 CrossRef Google Scholar
[50]	吴克华, 李坡, 贺卫, 等. 贵州双河洞国家地质公园洞穴冲积物的粒度组成及环境意义: 以山王洞为例[J]. 地球与环境, 2014, 42(2):138-144 Google Scholar WU Kehua, LI Po, HE Wei, et al. Grain size characteristics and environmental significance of the cave alluvium in the Shuanghe Cave National Geopark of Guizhou province: a case study of the Shanwang Cave[J]. Earth and Environment, 2014, 42(2):138-144.] Google Scholar
[51]	张育林, 王恒松, 程星, 等. 黔西南喀斯特洞穴沉积物粒度特征分析[J]. 中国水土保持, 2019(3):56-59 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0941.2019.03.019 CrossRef Google Scholar ZHANG Yulin, WANG Hengsong, CHENG Xing, et al. Grain size characteristics of karst cave sediments in southwestern Guizhou[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2019(3):56-59.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0941.2019.03.019 CrossRef Google Scholar
[52]	Chamley H. Clay Sedimentology[M]. Berlin: Spring, 1989: 21-560. Google Scholar
[53]	Thiry M. Palaeoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in marine deposits: an outlook from the continental origin[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2000, 49(1-4):201-221. doi: 10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00054-9 CrossRef Google Scholar
[54]	汤艳杰, 贾建业, 谢先德. 粘土矿物的环境意义[J]. 地学前缘, 2002, 9(2):337-344 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2002.02.011 CrossRef Google Scholar TANG Yanjie, JIA Jianye, XIE Xiande. Environment significance of clay minerals[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2002, 9(2):337-344.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2002.02.011 CrossRef Google Scholar
[55]	蓝先洪, 张训华, 张志珣. 南黄海沉积物的物质来源及运移研究[J]. 海洋湖沼通报, 2005(4):53-60 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6482.2005.04.008 CrossRef Google Scholar LAN Xianhong, ZHANG Xunhua, ZHANG Zhixun. Material sources and transportation of sediments in the Southern Yellow Sea[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2005(4):53-60.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6482.2005.04.008 CrossRef Google Scholar
[56]	彭补拙. 西藏高原洞穴堆积物的粘土矿物组合特征及其古地理意义[J]. 山地研究, 1992, 10(3):148-154 Google Scholar PENG Buzhuo. Characteristics of clay mineral composition in the speleothems on Xizang Plateau and its palaeogeographic meaning[J]. Mountain Research, 1992, 10(3):148-154.] Google Scholar
[57]	黄胜敏, 李国山, 洪汉烈, 等. 广西中更新世喀斯特洞穴堆积物矿物与元素组成特征及其古气候环境意义[J]. 地理科学, 2022, 42(12):2198-2206 Google Scholar HUANG Shengmin, LI Guoshan, HONG Hanlie, et al. The mineral and elemental characteristics of karst cave deposits of Middle Pleistocene in Guangxi and their paleoclimate and environmental implication[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2022, 42(12):2198-2206.] Google Scholar
[58]	李潇丽, 武仙竹, 裴树文. 湖北郧西白龙洞洞穴发育与古人类生存环境探讨[J]. 第四纪研究, 2012, 32(2):199-208 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2012.02.04 CrossRef Google Scholar LI Xiaoli, WU Xianzhu, PEI Shuwen. Preliminary study on the cave development and environmental background of hominin occupation at Bailong Cave, Yunxi county, Hubei province[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2012, 32(2):199-208.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2012.02.04 CrossRef Google Scholar
[59]	Arriolabengoa M, Iriarte E, Aranburu A, et al. Provenance study of endokarst fine sediments through mineralogical and geochemical data (Lezetxiki II cave, northern Iberia)[J]. Quaternary International, 2015, 364:231-243. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.072 CrossRef Google Scholar
[60]	Foos A M, Sasowsky I D, Larock E J, et al. Detrital origin of a sedimentary fill, Lechuguilla cave, Guadalupe mountains, New Mexico[J]. Clays and Clay Minerals, 2000, 48(6):693-698. doi: 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480610 CrossRef Google Scholar
[61]	Wolfe T E. Sedimentation in karst drainage basins along the Allegheny escarpment in southeastern West Virginia, U. S. A. [D]. Doctor Dissertation of McMaster University, 1973. Google Scholar
[62]	沧源佤族自治县地方志编纂委员会. 沧源佤族自治县志: 1978~2005[M]. 昆明: 云南人民出版社, 2019: 49-82 Google Scholar Cangyuan Va Autonomous County Local Chronicles Compilation Committee. Chronicles of Cangyuan Va Autonomous County: 1978~2005[M]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House, 2019: 49-82.] Google Scholar
[63]	李晨阳, 王新春, 何春珍, 等. 全国1: 200000数字地质图(公开版)空间数据库(V1)[R]. 北京: 中国地质调查局发展研究中心, 中国地质调查局, 1957 Google Scholar LI Chenyang, WANG Xinchun, HE Chunzhen, et al. 1: 200, 000 national digital geological map (public version) spatial database (V1)[R]. Development and Research Center, China Geological Survey, 1957.] Google Scholar
[64]	赵明生. 临沧远古文化述略[J]. 滇西科技师范学院学报, 2018, 27(3):1-7,15 Google Scholar ZHAO Mingsheng. A summery review of ancient Lincang culture[J]. Journal of West Yunnan University, 2018, 27(3):1-7,15.] Google Scholar
[65]	McManus J. Grain size determination and interpretation[M]//Tucker M E. Techniques in Sedimentology. Oxford: Oxford Blackwell, 1988: 63-85. Google Scholar
[66]	Blott S J, Pye K. GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2001, 26(11):1237-1248. doi: 10.1002/esp.261 CrossRef Google Scholar
[67]	Udden J A. Mechanical composition of clastic sediments[J]. GSA Bulletin, 1914, 25(1):655-744. doi: 10.1130/GSAB-25-655 CrossRef Google Scholar
[68]	Wentworth C K. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1922, 30(5):377-392. doi: 10.1086/622910 CrossRef Google Scholar
[69]	Liu Y M, Liu X X, Sun Y B. QGrain: an open-source and easy-to-use software for the comprehensive analysis of grain size distributions[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2021, 423:105980. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105980 CrossRef Google Scholar
[70]	赵德博, 万世明, 沈兴艳, 等. 海洋沉积物中黏土矿物的两种提取方法的对比[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2015, 35(5):173-181 Google Scholar ZHAO Debo, WAN Shiming, SHEN Xingyan, et al. A discussion on methodology to extract clay minerals from marine sediments[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2015, 35(5):173-181.] Google Scholar
[71]	Biscaye P E. Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans[J]. GSA Bulletin, 1965, 76(7):803-832. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[803:MASORD]2.0.CO;2 CrossRef Google Scholar
[72]	李景阳, 王朝富, 樊廷章. 试论碳酸盐岩风化壳与喀斯特成土作用[J]. 中国岩溶, 1991, 10(1):29-38 Google Scholar LI Jingyang, WANG Chaofu, FAN Tingzhang. Weathering crust of carbonate rocks and process of karst earth formation[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 1991, 10(1):29-38.] Google Scholar
[73]	李景阳, 朱立军, 王朝富, 等. 碳酸盐岩风化壳及喀斯特成土作用研究[J]. 贵州地质, 1996, 13(2):139-145 Google Scholar LI Jingyang, ZHU Lijun, WANG Chaofu, et al. Weathering crust of carbonate rocks and process of karst soil formation[J]. Guizhou Geology, 1996, 13(2):139-145.] Google Scholar
[74]	朱立军, 傅平秋, 李景阳. 贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的粘土矿物及其形成机理[J]. 矿物学报, 1996, 16(3):290-297 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4734.1996.03.011 CrossRef Google Scholar ZHU Lijun, FU Pingqiu, LI Jingyang. Clay minerals in the laterite developed from carbonate rocks in Guizhou province and their forming mechanism[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 1996, 16(3):290-297.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4734.1996.03.011 CrossRef Google Scholar
[75]	鲁春霞. 粘土矿物在古环境研究中的指示作用[J]. 中国沙漠, 1997, 17(4):456-460 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.1997.04.004 CrossRef Google Scholar LU Chunxia. Clay minerals as indicators of paleoenvironment[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1997, 17(4):456-460.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.1997.04.004 CrossRef Google Scholar
[76]	Hillier S. Erosion, sedimentation and sedimentary origin of clays[M]//Velde B. Origin and Mineralogy of Clays. Berlin: Springer, 1995: 162-219. Google Scholar
[77]	袁道先, 蔡桂鸿. 岩溶环境学[M]. 重庆: 重庆出版社, 1988: 24-30 Google Scholar YUAN Daoxian, CAI Guihong. Karst Environment[M]. Chongqing: Chongqing Publishing House, 1988: 24-30.] Google Scholar
[78]	万世明. 近2千万年以来东亚季风演化的南海沉积矿物学记录[D]. 中国科学院海洋研究所博士学位论文, 2006 Google Scholar WAN Shiming. Evolution of the East Asian monsoon: mineralogical and sedimentologic records in the South China Sea since 20 Ma[D]. Doctor Dissertation of Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006.] Google Scholar