Distribution of strategic key metals in deep-sea polymetallic nodules and their controlling factors

HUANG Wei; JIANG Xuejun; CUI Ruyong; LU Jingfang; HOU Fanghui; LI Panfeng; SONG Weiyu; XU Cuiling; LIU Liwei; SUN Jun

doi:10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2023102002

2024 Vol. 44, No. 3

Article Contents

Article navigation > Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology > 2024 > 44(3): 173-182

Next Article Previous Article

HUANG Wei, JIANG Xuejun, CUI Ruyong, LU Jingfang, HOU Fanghui, LI Panfeng, SONG Weiyu, XU Cuiling, LIU Liwei, SUN Jun. Distribution of strategic key metals in deep-sea polymetallic nodules and their controlling factors[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2024, 44(3): 173-182. doi: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2023102002

Citation:

HUANG Wei, JIANG Xuejun, CUI Ruyong, LU Jingfang, HOU Fanghui, LI Panfeng, SONG Weiyu, XU Cuiling, LIU Liwei, SUN Jun. Distribution of strategic key metals in deep-sea polymetallic nodules and their controlling factors[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2024, 44(3): 173-182. doi: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2023102002

Distribution of strategic key metals in deep-sea polymetallic nodules and their controlling factors

1.
Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266237, China
2.
Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China

Received Date: 20 October 2023

Revised Date: 18 March 2024

Publish Date: 28 June 2024

Abstract

Abstract

Deep-sea polymetallic nodules are widely recognized as potential resources in future for strongly enriching in many strategic key metals for high-technology applications and economic prosperity. By summarizing previous studies, the contents, occurrence, enrichment mechanism, migration, and evolution of Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Tl distributed mainly in manganese oxides, and REY, Te, Ti distributed mainly in iron oxyhydroxides in different types and settings of polymetallic nodules were analyzed. The surface sorption drove these metals to enrich into polymetallic nodules first, in which Mo, Ni, REY, and Ti could achieve high enrichment in this stage alone. Subsequently, the oxidation of Ce, Co, and Tl, and the structural incorporation of Co, Cu, Li, Ni, and Te continued to be enriched in these strategic metals in polymetallic nodules. When the polymetallic nodules were buried by abyssal sediments, and the surrounding environment changed from oxic conditions to suboxic conditions, the large-scale mineralogical transformation could lead to the enrichment of Co, but strongly depleted in Ni, REY, Mo, and Li compared to surface nodules. When buried polymetallic nodules were finally in reduced conditions, the mineral crystal lattice of these nodules would dissolve and collapse completely, perhaps only some iron oxyhydroxides component of the former nodule could remain. Future sub-micron and in-situ high-precision experimental research work will improve our deep understanding of the distribution, enrichment history, and controlling factors of these strategic key metals in nodules, especially low-content metals of Te and Tl, and help the exploration and utilization of deep-sea polymetallic nodules.
- polymetallic nodules /
- strategic key metals /
- distribution /
- constraint

FullText(HTML)

References

[1]	Hein J R, Koschinsky A. 13.11 - deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules[J]. Treatise on Geochemistry, 2014, 13:273-291. Google Scholar
[2]	Kuhn T, Wegorzewski A, Rühlemann C, et al. Composition, formation, and occurrence of polymetallic nodules[M]//Sharma R. Deep-Sea Mining: Resource Potential, Technical and Environmental Considerations. Cham: Springer, 2017: 23-63. Google Scholar
[3]	Bruland K W, Middag R, Lohan M C. 8.2 - controls of trace metals in seawater[J]. Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014, 8:19-51. Google Scholar
[4]	Rudnick R L, Gao S. 4.1 - composition of the continental crust[J]. Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014, 4:1-51. Google Scholar
[5]	《矿产资源工业要求参考手册》编委会. 矿产资源工业要求参考手册[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2021 Google Scholar Reference Manual for Industrial Requirements of Mineral Resources[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2016.] Google Scholar
[6]	Mizell K, Hein J R, Au M, et al. Estimates of metals contained in abyssal manganese nodules and ferromanganese crusts in the global ocean based on regional variations and genetic types of nodules[M]//Sharma R. Perspectives on Deep-Sea Mining: Sustainability, Technology, Environmental Policy and Management. Cham: Springer, 2022: 53-80. Google Scholar
[7]	Hein J R, Koschinsky A, Kuhn T. Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical materials[J]. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2020, 1(3):158-169. Google Scholar
[8]	国土资源部信息中心. 世界矿产资源年评-2016[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2016 Google Scholar Information Center of Ministry of Land and Resources, China. World Mineral Resources Annual Review 2016[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2016.] Google Scholar
[9]	国土资源部, 国家发展和改革委员会, 工业和信息化部, 等. 全国矿产资源规划(2016—2020年)[R]. 北京, 2016 Google Scholar Ministry of Land and Resources, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, et al. National mineral resources planning (2016-2020)[R]. Beijing, 2016.] Google Scholar
[10]	陈其慎, 张艳飞, 邢佳韵, 等. 国内外战略性矿产厘定理论与方法[J]. 地球学报, 2021, 42(2):137-144 Google Scholar CHEN Qishen, ZHANG Yanfei, XING Jiayun, et al. Methods of strategic mineral resources determination in China and abroad[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2021, 42(2):137-144.] Google Scholar
[11]	陈甲斌, 霍文敏, 冯丹丹, 等. 中国与美欧战略性(关键)矿产资源形势分析[J]. 中国国土资源经济, 2020, 33(8):9-17 Google Scholar CHEN Jiabin, HUO Wenmin, FENG Dandan, et al. Analysis of strategic (critical) mineral resources situation in China and the U. S. and the EU[J]. Natural Resource Economics of China, 2020, 33(8):9-17.] Google Scholar
[12]	王登红, 孙艳, 代鸿章, 等. 我国“三稀矿产”的资源特征及开发利用研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2019, 21(1):119-127 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.017 CrossRef Google Scholar WANG Denghong, SUN Yan, DAI Hongzhang, et al. Characteristics and exploitation of rare earth, rare metal and rare-scattered element minerals in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2019, 21(1):119-127.] doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.017 CrossRef Google Scholar
[13]	Belkin I M, Andersson P S, Langhof J. On the discovery of ferromanganese nodules in the World Ocean[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2021, 175:103589. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103589 CrossRef Google Scholar
[14]	张海文. 《联合国海洋法公约》开放签署四十周年: 回顾与展望[J]. 武大国际法评论, 2022, 6(6):1-14 Google Scholar ZHANG Haiwen. The 40^th anniversary of the opening for signature of the united nations convention on the law of the sea: retrospect and prospect[J]. Wuhan University International Law Review, 2022, 6(6):1-14.] Google Scholar
[15]	许东禹, 金庆焕, 梁德华. 太平洋中部多金属结核及其形成环境[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1994 Google Scholar XU Dongyu, JIN Qinghuan, LIANG Dehua. Polymetallic Nodules and Their Formation Environment in the Central Pacific Ocean[M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 1994.] Google Scholar
[16]	许东禹. 多金属结核的特征及成因[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1993 Google Scholar XU Dongyu. Characteristics and Genesis of Polymetallic Nodules[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993.] Google Scholar
[17]	许东禹. 大洋矿产地质学[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 2013 Google Scholar XU Dongyu. Ocean Mineral Geology[M]. Beijing: Ocean Press, 2013.] Google Scholar
[18]	ISA. (International Seabed Authority)[EB/OL]. 2023. https://www.isa.org.jm/exploration-contracts/. Google Scholar
[19]	中华人民共和国常驻国际海底管理局代表处. 国际海底管理局第28届第二期会议闭幕[EB/OL]. (2023-08-01). http://isa.china-mission.gov.cn/xwdt/202308/t20230801_11120483.htm Google Scholar Permanent Mission of PRC to International Seabed Authority. Closure of the second part of the 28th session of the International Seabed Authority[EB/OL]. (2023-08-01). http://isa.china-mission.gov.cn/xwdt/202308/t20230801_11120483.htm.] Google Scholar
[20]	Josso P, Pelleter E, Pourret O, et al. A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2017, 87:3-15. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.09.003 CrossRef Google Scholar
[21]	Bau M, Schmidt K, Koschinsky A, et al. Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium[J]. Chemical Geology, 2014, 381:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.004 CrossRef Google Scholar
[22]	王嫱, 苏轶娜, 闻少博, 等. 主要矿产品供需形势分析报告(2020年)[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2020 Google Scholar WANG Qiang, SU Yina, WEN Shaobo, et al. Analysis on Supply and Demand Situation of Mineral Resources (2020)[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2020.] Google Scholar
[23]	Hein J R, Mizell K, Koschinsky A, et al. Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2013, 51:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001 CrossRef Google Scholar
[24]	Hein J R, Koschinsky A, Halbach P, et al. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1997, 119:123-138. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.09 CrossRef Google Scholar
[25]	Post J E, Heaney P J, Hanson J. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of todorokite[J]. American Mineralogist, 2003, 88(1):142-150. doi: 10.2138/am-2003-0117 CrossRef Google Scholar
[26]	Bodeï S, Manceau A, Geoffroy N, et al. Formation of todorokite from vernadite in Ni-rich hemipelagic sediments[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, 71(23):5698-5716. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2007.07.020 CrossRef Google Scholar
[27]	Post J E, McKeown D A, Heaney P J. Raman spectroscopy study of manganese oxides: Tunnel structures[J]. American Mineralogist, 2020, 105(8):1175-1190. doi: 10.2138/am-2020-7390 CrossRef Google Scholar
[28]	Kuhn T, Bostick B C, Koschinsky A, et al. Enrichment of Mo in hydrothermal Mn precipitates: possible Mo sources, formation process and phase associations[J]. Chemical Geology, 2003, 199(1-2):29-43. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00054-8 CrossRef Google Scholar
[29]	Azami K, Koyama K, Machida S, et al. Formation of hydrothermal ferromanganese oxides from the Daigo-Kume Knoll in the middle Okinawa Trough, Japan[J]. Marine Geology, 2023, 463:107117. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107117 CrossRef Google Scholar
[30]	Gueguen B, Rouxel O, Fouquet Y. Nickel isotopes and rare earth elements systematics in marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits[J]. Chemical Geology, 2021, 560:119999. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119999 CrossRef Google Scholar
[31]	Shaw T J, Gieskes J M, Jahnke R A. Early diagenesis in differing depositional environments: The response of transition metals in pore water[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1990, 54(5):1233-1246. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90149-F CrossRef Google Scholar
[32]	Von Stackelberg U. Growth history of manganese nodules and crusts of the Peru Basin[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1997, 119:153-176. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.11 CrossRef Google Scholar
[33]	Volz J B, Mogollón J M, Geibert W, et al. Natural spatial variability of depositional conditions, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in sediments of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2018, 140:159-172. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2018.08.006 CrossRef Google Scholar
[34]	Mewes K, Mogollón J M, Picard A, et al. Impact of depositional and biogeochemical processes on small scale variations in nodule abundance in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2014, 91:125-141. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2014.06.001 CrossRef Google Scholar
[35]	Mewes K, Mogollón J M, Picard A, et al. Diffusive transfer of oxygen from seamount basaltic crust into overlying sediments: An example from the Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2016, 433:215-225. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2015.10.028 CrossRef Google Scholar
[36]	Wegorzewski A V, Kuhn T. The influence of suboxic diagenesis on the formation of manganese nodules in the Clarion Clipperton nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean[J]. Marine Geology, 2014, 357:123-138. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2014.07.004 CrossRef Google Scholar
[37]	Koschinsky A, Winkler A, Fritsche U. Importance of different types of marine particles for the scavenging of heavy metals in the deep-sea bottom water[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2003, 18(5):693-710. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00161-0 CrossRef Google Scholar
[38]	Foster A L, Klofas J M, Hein J R, et al. Speciation of energy critical elements in marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules by principal component analysis and least-squares fits to XAFS spectra[C]//American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011. 2011. Google Scholar
[39]	Hein J R, Koschinsky A, Halliday A N. Global occurrence of tellurium-rich ferromanganese crusts and a model for the enrichment of tellurium[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2003, 67(6):1117-1127. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01279-6 CrossRef Google Scholar
[40]	Wang X Y, Sherman D M. Molecular speciation of Mo (VI) on goethite and its implications for molybdenum and its isotopic cycle in ocean[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2021, 313:116-132. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2021.08.040 CrossRef Google Scholar
[41]	Kashiwabara T, Takahashi Y, Tanimizu M, et al. Molecular-scale mechanisms of distribution and isotopic fractionation of molybdenum between seawater and ferromanganese oxides[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2011, 75(19):5762-5784. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.07.022 CrossRef Google Scholar
[42]	Hodkinson R A, Stoffers P, Scholten J, et al. Geochemistry of hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Pitcairn Island hotspot, southeastern Pacific[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1994, 58(22):5011-5029. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90228-3 CrossRef Google Scholar
[43]	Manceau A, Simionovici A, Findling N, et al. Crystal chemistry of thallium in marine ferromanganese deposits[J]. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 2022, 6(5):1269-1285. doi: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00447 CrossRef Google Scholar
[44]	Rehkämper M, Frank M, Hein J R, et al. Thallium isotope variations in seawater and hydrogenetic, diagenetic, and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, 197(1-2):65-81. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00462-4 CrossRef Google Scholar
[45]	Koschinsky A, Hein J R. Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese crusts: solid-phase associations and seawater speciation[J]. Marine Geology, 2003, 198(3-4):331-351. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00122-1 CrossRef Google Scholar
[46]	Koschinsky A, Halbach P. Sequential leaching of marine ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59(24):5113-5132. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00358-4 CrossRef Google Scholar
[47]	Halbach P E, Jahn A, Cherkashov G. Marine co-rich ferromanganese crust deposits: description and formation, occurrences and distribution, estimated world-wide resources[M]//Sharma R. Deep-Sea Mining: Resource Potential, Technical and Environmental Considerations. Cham: Springer, 2017: 65-141. Google Scholar
[48]	Astakhova N V. Occurrence forms and distribution of precious and base metals in ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Japan[J]. Oceanology, 2013, 53(6):686-701. doi: 10.1134/S0001437013050019 CrossRef Google Scholar
[49]	Marcus M A, Toner B M, Takahashi Y. Forms and distribution of Ce in a ferromanganese nodule[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2018, 202:58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2018.03.005 CrossRef Google Scholar
[50]	Peacock C L. Physiochemical controls on the crystal-chemistry of Ni in birnessite: Genetic implications for ferromanganese precipitates[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2009, 73(12):3568-3578. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2009.03.020 CrossRef Google Scholar
[51]	Peacock C L, Sherman D M. Crystal-chemistry of Ni in marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules[J]. American Mineralogist, 2007, 92(7):1087-1092. doi: 10.2138/am.2007.2378 CrossRef Google Scholar
[52]	Kashiwabara T, Takahashi Y, Tanimizu M. A XAFS study on the mechanism of isotopic fractionation of molybdenum during its adsorption on ferromanganese oxides[J]. Geochemical Journal, 2009, 43(6):e31-e36. doi: 10.2343/geochemj.1.0060 CrossRef Google Scholar
[53]	Azami K, Hirano N, Machida S, et al. Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) variability with water depth in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts[J]. Chemical Geology, 2018, 493:224-233. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.045 CrossRef Google Scholar
[54]	Bau M, Koschinsky A, Dulski P, et al. Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1996, 60(10):1709-1725. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4 CrossRef Google Scholar
[55]	姜学钧, 林学辉, 姚德, 等. 稀土元素在水成型海洋铁锰结壳中的富集特征及机制[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2011, 41(2): 197-204 Google Scholar JIANG Xuejun, LIN Xuehui, YAO De, et al. Enrichment mechanisms of rare earth elements in marine hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2011, 54(2): 197-203.] Google Scholar
[56]	Bau M, Koschinsky A. Oxidative scavenging of cerium on hydrous Fe oxide: evidence from the distribution of rare earth elements and yttrium between Fe oxides and Mn oxides in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts[J]. Geochemical Journal, 2009, 43(1):37-47. doi: 10.2343/geochemj.1.0005 CrossRef Google Scholar
[57]	Bidoglio G, Gibson P N, O'Gorman M, et al. X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of surface redox transformations of thallium and chromium on colloidal mineral oxides[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1993, 57(10):2389-2394. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90576-I CrossRef Google Scholar
[58]	Bau M. Scavenging of dissolved yttrium and rare earths by precipitating iron oxyhydroxide: experimental evidence for Ce oxidation, Y-Ho fractionation, and lanthanide tetrad effect[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1999, 63(1):67-77. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00014-9 CrossRef Google Scholar
[59]	Yang P, Post J E, Wang Q, et al. Metal adsorption controls stability of layered manganese oxides[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(13):7453-7462. Google Scholar
[60]	Peacock C L, Moon E M. Oxidative scavenging of thallium by birnessite: Explanation for thallium enrichment and stable isotope fractionation in marine ferromanganese precipitates[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2012, 84:297-313. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.036 CrossRef Google Scholar
[61]	Lide D R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics[M]. Florida: CRC Press, 2010. Google Scholar
[62]	Manceau A, Lanson M, Takahashi Y. Mineralogy and crystal chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu in a deep-sea Pacific polymetallic nodule[J]. American Mineralogist, 2014, 99(10):2068-2083. doi: 10.2138/am-2014-4742 CrossRef Google Scholar
[63]	Sherman D M, Peacock C L. Surface complexation of Cu on birnessite (δ-MnO₂): Controls on Cu in the deep ocean[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2010, 74(23):6721-6730. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.042 CrossRef Google Scholar
[64]	Manceau A, Marcus M A, Grangeon S. Determination of Mn valence states in mixed-valent manganates by XANES spectroscopy[J]. American Mineralogist, 2012, 97(5-6):816-827. doi: 10.2138/am.2012.3903 CrossRef Google Scholar
[65]	Halbach P, Scherhag C, Hebisch U, et al. Geochemical and mineralogical control of different genetic types of deep-sea nodules from the Pacific Ocean[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 1981, 16(1):59-84. Google Scholar
[66]	Jiang X J, Lin X H, Yao D, et al. Geochemistry of lithium in marine ferromanganese oxide deposits[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2007, 54(1):85-98. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2006.10.004 CrossRef Google Scholar
[67]	Kashiwabara T, Oishi Y, Sakaguchi A, et al. Chemical processes for the extreme enrichment of tellurium into marine ferromanganese oxides[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2014, 131:150-163. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.01.020 CrossRef Google Scholar
[68]	Hens T, Brugger J, Etschmann B, et al. Nickel exchange between aqueous Ni(II) and deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and crusts[J]. Chemical Geology, 2019, 528:119276. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119276 CrossRef Google Scholar
[69]	Heller C, Kuhn T, Versteegh G J M, et al. The geochemical behavior of metals during early diagenetic alteration of buried manganese nodules[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2018, 142:16-33. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2018.09.008 CrossRef Google Scholar
[70]	Wegorzewski A V, Grangeon S, Webb S M, et al. Mineralogical transformations in polymetallic nodules and the change of Ni, Cu and Co crystal-chemistry upon burial in sediments[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2020, 282:19-37. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2020.04.012 CrossRef Google Scholar
[71]	Marcus M A, Edwards K J, Gueguen B, et al. Iron mineral structure, reactivity, and isotopic composition in a South Pacific Gyre ferromanganese nodule over 4 Ma[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2015, 171:61-79. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.08.021 CrossRef Google Scholar
[72]	Huang F, Fu Y, Li D F, et al. Early diagenetic REE migration from Fe-Mn nodules to fish teeth in deep sea sediments[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2023, 160:105581. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105581 CrossRef Google Scholar
[73]	Atkins A L, Shaw S, Peacock C L. Nucleation and growth of todorokite from birnessite: Implications for trace-metal cycling in marine sediments[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2014, 144:109-125. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.08.014 CrossRef Google Scholar
[74]	Missen O P, Etschmann B, Mills S J, et al. Tellurium biogeochemical transformation and cycling in a metalliferous semi-arid environment[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2022, 321:265-292. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2021.12.024 CrossRef Google Scholar
[75]	Morishita Y, Usui A, Takahata N, et al. Secondary ion mass spectrometry microanalysis of platinum in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts[M]//Sharma R. Perspectives on Deep-Sea Mining: Sustainability, Technology, Environmental Policy and Management. Cham: Springer, 2022: 115-133. Google Scholar
[76]	de Matos C S, Benites M, Jovane L, et al. Chemical-mineralogical characterization of critical elements into ferromanganese crusts[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 25:5633-5649. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.07.021 CrossRef Google Scholar
[77]	Sutherland K M, Wankel S D, Hein J R, et al. Spectroscopic insights into ferromanganese crust formation and diagenesis[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2020, 21(11):e2020GC009074. doi: 10.1029/2020GC009074 CrossRef Google Scholar