| Qingdao Institute of marine geology, China Geological Survey | Host |
| Citation: |
YANG Yepiao, HAN Zongzhu, LAI Zhiqing, LONG Shimai, GU Wei, DOU Lianxiang. Geochemical constraints on the formation mechanisms of manganese nodules from Cipangu Basin[J]. Marine Geology Frontiers, 2023, 39(9): 35-45. doi: 10.16028/j.1009-2722.2022.093
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Geochemical constraints on the formation mechanisms of manganese nodules from Cipangu Basin
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Abstract
In this study, a total of 15 manganese nodule samples were collected from Cipangu Basin in North Pacific Ocean. The morphological structure, microscopic structure, mineral composition, contents of trace elements and rare earth elements, and the differences among samples from different regions were studied systematically. The genetic types and growth mechanism of the manganese nodules were discussed. The manganese nodules are elliptic and intergrowth body with smooth surface. The major minerals are vernadite, quartz, albite, and halite. The REE distribution pattern shows obvious positive Ce anomaly, negative Y anomaly, and LREE enrichment characteristics. The Mn/Fe ratios of the samples from three sites of the study areas are all less than 2.5, which are positively correlated with Ni and Cu; and Mn is highly positively correlated with Cu, Co, and Ni, indicating that Cu, Ni, and Co are more likely to occupy the δ-MnO2 enrichment at the surface of manganese minerals. The microlayers of manganese nodules can be divided into two types, Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ. Type Ⅰ is laminated, columnar and laminated with dense and high reflectance structure, and Type Ⅱ is hybrid and ring with loose and low reflectance structure. The Mn/Fe, Ni, Ni + Cu, and Co in Type Ⅰ were greater than those of Type Ⅱ. The Type Ⅰ area has loose manganese nodule in structure reflecting great changes in sedimentary environment with great growth rate of nodule, while the Type Ⅱ zone has small changes in sedimentary environment with small growth rate. The manganese nodule samples are formed by metal precipitation from the ambient seawater (hydrogenetic) and the age was estimated to be 1.48 Ma based on the ordinary trace element test data. At last, according to the micro-analysis data, the growth age was 2.44 Ma by estimation.
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Keywords:
- manganese nodules /
- Cipangu Basin /
- genetic types /
- formation mechanism
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References
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YANG Yepiao, HAN Zongzhu, LAI Zhiqing, LONG Shimai, GU Wei, DOU Lianxiang. Geochemical constraints on the formation mechanisms of manganese nodules from Cipangu Basin[J]. Marine Geology Frontiers, 2023, 39(9): 35-45. doi: 10.16028/j.1009-2722.2022.093
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Figure 1.
Location of the Cipangu Basin and sampling sites
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Figure 2.
Photos of manganese nodules samples in the Cipangu Basin
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Figure 3.
Photos of manganese nodule cores from the Cipangu Basin
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Figure 4.
Characteristic spectra of X-ray powder crystal diffraction of manganese nodule shell in the Cipangu Basin
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Figure 5.
Backscattering picture of the internal microstructure of manganese nodules in the Cipangu Basin
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Figure 6.
PASS standardized distribution pattern of manganese nodule REY of the Xipangu Sea Basin
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Figure 7.
EMPA analysis of Mn/Fe-Ni, Mn/Fe-Ni+Cu, and Mn/Fe-Co of the Manganese nodules
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Figure 8.
Constant analysis and EMPA analysis of Mn/Fe-Al of the Manganese nodules
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Figure 9.
Triangle map of Fe-Mn-（Co+Ni+Cu） ×10 [20]
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Figure 10.
Triangle map of 15× （Cu+Ni） -100× （Zr+Y+Ce） -（Fe+Mn）/4[3]
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Figure 11.
Plot of CeSN/CeSN* vs. YSN/HoSN and vs. Nd ratio [17]