| Professional Committee of Rock and Mineral Testing Technology of the Geological Society of China, National Geological Experiment and Testing Center | Host |
| Citation: |
XU Yitong, SONG Wenlei, DAI Jingjing, XUE Shanna, CHEN Qian, YANG Jinkun, XU Danni. Application Progress on Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Research of Rare Earth Deposits[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2024, 43(4): 641-658. doi: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202402260020
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Application Progress on Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Research of Rare Earth Deposits
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Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), having a remarkably high spatial resolution and diversified analysis capability, can be used to obtain very comprehensive composition, structure, and crystal chemistry of the samples under submicron-nanometer scale and is a powerful tool for studying the microscopic components and structure of geological samples. It has been applied increasingly in earth science, including mineral deposits. In this paper, TEM is used as an example of studying rare earth deposits. Firstly, we briefly introduce the TEM’s fundamental structure, working principles, function, and sample preparation method. Then, we review the application of TEM in the study of rare earth element (REE) deposits from carbonatite-, pegmatite-, granitoid weathering crust-, and phosphorite- to deep-sea sediment types. The work involves the bastnaesite’s growth mechanism of crystallization of particle attachment, the apatite and zircon’s dissolution, migration, and re-precipitation during hydrothermal metasomatism, the microstructure of primary REEs and the mineral types of weathering products in the granitoid weathering crust deposits, the apatite’s occurrence state and substitution mechanism of trace REEs at the nano to atom scale. Finally, the cautions and application prospects for the TEM in studying geology in the future are summarized.
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References
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XU Yitong, SONG Wenlei, DAI Jingjing, XUE Shanna, CHEN Qian, YANG Jinkun, XU Danni. Application Progress on Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Research of Rare Earth Deposits[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2024, 43(4): 641-658. doi: 10.15898/j.ykcs.202402260020
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Figure 1.
Structure, working principle, and STEM detector distribution of transmission electron microscope
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Figure 2.
High resolution TEM image and growth model diagram of bastnaesite (Modified from Liu et al［39］).
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Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of crystal growth mechanism of particle attachment (CPA). Modified from de Yoreo, et al［40］.
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Figure 4.
TEM images of fluid replacement experiment products for apatite (Modified from Harlov, et al［46-47］)
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Figure 5.
Images of alteration structure of zircon-xenotime in Piława Gorna pegmatite, Southern Poland (Modified from Tramm, et al［48］)
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Figure 6.
TEM images of xenotime in Piława Gorna pegmatite，Southern Poland (Modified from Tramm, et al［48］)
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Figure 7.
TEM images of zircon-xenotime in Piława Gorna pegmatite, Southern Poland (Modified from Tramm, et al［48］)
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Figure 8.
TEM images of rare earth minerals in Zhaibei granite weathering crust type rare earth deposit, Jiangxi Province (Modified from Shi, et al［54］)
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Figure 9.
TEM images of weathering products of potassium feldspar and biotite in a granite weathering crust type rare earth deposit in China (Modified from Mukai, et al［55］)
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Figure 10.
SEM and TEM images of apatite in phosphorite in Guizhou Province (Modified from Xing, et al［61］)
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Figure 11.
TEM images of hydroxy-apatite in deep-sea sediments (Modified from Liao, et al［64］)