Characteristics of Platinum Group Element in Neoproterozoic Mafic Intrusions in the Northern Margin of the Yangtze and Exploration Implications

LI Zhangzhixian; ZHENG Shaoxin; ZHANG Xiaoqi

doi:10.12401/j.nwg.2023032

2024 Vol. 57, No. 2

Article Contents

Article navigation > Northwestern Geology > 2024 > 57(2): 1-13

Next Article Previous Article

LI Zhangzhixian, ZHENG Shaoxin, ZHANG Xiaoqi. 2024. Characteristics of Platinum Group Element in Neoproterozoic Mafic Intrusions in the Northern Margin of the Yangtze and Exploration Implications. Northwestern Geology, 57(2): 1-13. doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023032

Citation:

LI Zhangzhixian, ZHENG Shaoxin, ZHANG Xiaoqi. 2024. Characteristics of Platinum Group Element in Neoproterozoic Mafic Intrusions in the Northern Margin of the Yangtze and Exploration Implications. Northwestern Geology, 57(2): 1-13. doi: 10.12401/j.nwg.2023032

Characteristics of Platinum Group Element in Neoproterozoic Mafic Intrusions in the Northern Margin of the Yangtze and Exploration Implications

1.
Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China

More Information

Corresponding author: ZHANG Xiaoqi, zxq@nwu.edu.cn

Received Date: 13 September 2022

Revised Date: 29 December 2022

Accepted Date: 26 January 2023

Publish Date: 20 April 2024

Abstract

Abstract

Multiple layered mafic intrusions occur along the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, SW China. The Neoproterozoic Bijigou and Wangjiangshan mafic intrusions are two of the best exposed intrusions in the region. The Bijigou and Wangjiangshan mafic intrusions are thought to be generated by 10% to 20% of partial melting of a depleted mantle source. Uniformly high Cu/Pd (3.52×10⁴～3.97×10⁵ for the Bijigou samples and 1.78×10⁴～1.61×10⁶ for the Wangjiangshan samples) indicate that the parental magma of these intrusions experienced prior sulfide segregation before their intrusions into the shallow crust. Positive correlation between IPGE with whole–rock Ni, and negative correlation between Cu/Ir and Ni/Pd illustrate that the distribution of PGE is mainly controlled by the accumulation of olivine under an S–unsaturated condition. In comparison no linearly correlation between PGE and whole–rock Ni, V and TiO₂, and positive correlation between Cu/Ir and Ni/Pd illustrate that the PGE in the Wangjiangshan intrusion is controlled by the second-stage sulfide saturation. The general lack of parallel alignment of tabular minerals in the Bijigou and Wangjiangshan intrusions, combined the PGE depletions in the Wangjiangshan second segregated sulfides, indicates that these intrusions probably intruded and cooled under a single episode of magma replenishment, rather than a dynamic magma conduit system. Therefore the shallow part may not have the conditions to host large deposits and future prospecting work should focus on the deeper part.
- Neoproterozoic /
- mafic intrusion /
- PGE /
- sulfide segregation /
- Yangtze block

FullText(HTML)

References

[1]	成来顺. 陕西毕机沟钒钛磁铁矿床铂族元素地球化学特征及其意义[J]. 矿产与地质, 2017, 31(6): 1072-1076 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5663.2017.06.009 CrossRef Google Scholar CHENG Laishun. Geochemical characteristics of platinum group elements of Bijigou V-Ti magnetite deposit in Shaanxi Province and its significance[J]. Mineral Resources and Geology, 2017, 31(6): 1072-1076. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5663.2017.06.009 CrossRef Google Scholar
[2]	董显扬, 李行, 叶良和, 等. 中国超镁铁质岩[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1995 Google Scholar DONG Xianyang, LI Hang, YE Lianghe, et al. Ultramafic Rocks in China[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1995. Google Scholar
[3]	高永伟, 洪俊, 吕鹏瑞, 等. 哈萨克斯坦乌拉尔肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地地质背景、成矿特征及矿床成因[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(1): 142−155. Google Scholar GAO Yongwei, HONG Jun, LÜ Pengrui, et al. Geological Background, Metallogenic Characteristics and Ore Genesis of the KempirsayChromite Resource Base in the Ural, Kazakhstan[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(1): 142−155. Google Scholar
[4]	巩志超, 黄廷弼, 任有祥, 等. 陕南洋县—西乡—南郑一带含铁基性岩体地质矿化特征及今后找矿意见[J]. 西北地质, 1975, (04): 3-18. Google Scholar
[5]	刘晔, 柳小明, 胡兆初, 等. ICP-MS测定地质样品中37个元素的准确度和长期稳定性分析[J]. 岩石学报, 2007, 23(5): 1203 -1210. Google Scholar LIU Ye, LIU Xiaoming, HU Zhaochu, et al. Evaluation of accuracy and long-term stability of determination of 37 trace elements in geological samples by ICP-MS[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2007, 23(5): 1203-1210. Google Scholar
[6]	任有祥, 巩志超. 陕南望江山基性岩体的地质矿化特征及成因讨论[J]. 西北地质, 1976(3): 28-36. Google Scholar
[7]	苏犁. 中国中西部几个新元古代镁铁–超镁铁岩体研究及对Rodinia超大陆裂解事件的制约[D]. 西安: 西北大学, 2004 Google Scholar SU Li. Studies of Neoproterozoic mafic and ultramafic in-trusions in western-central China and their constrains on breakup of Rodinia Supercontinent[D]. Xi’an: Northwest University, 2004. Google Scholar
[8]	王丰翔, 李晓明, 栾卓然, 等. 全球铂族金属资源分布、供需及消费格局[J]. 地质通报, 2022, 41(10): 1829−1846. Google Scholar WANG Fengxiang, LI Xiaoming, LUAN Zhuoran, et al. Global PGEs resource distribution, supply and demand and consumption trends[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2022, 41(10): 1829−1846. Google Scholar
[9]	王建其, 柳小明. X射线荧光光谱法分析不同类型岩石中10种主量元素的测试能力验证[J]. 岩矿测试, 2016, 35(02): 145-151 doi: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.2016.02.006 CrossRef Google Scholar WANG Jianqi, LIU Xiaoming. Proficiency Testing of the XRF Method for Measuring 10 Major Elements in Different Rock Types[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2016, 35(2): 145-151. doi: 10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.2016.02.006 CrossRef Google Scholar
[10]	王岩, 王梦玺, 焦建刚. 扬子地块北缘新元古代望江山层状岩体矿物成分和铂族元素特征: 对岩浆演化过程和构造环境的制约[J]. 地质力学学报, 2019, 25(2): 267-285 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2019.25.02.026 CrossRef Google Scholar WANG Yan, WANG Mengxi, JIAO Jiangang. Mineral composition and platinum-group elements of the Neoproterozoic Wangjiangshan layered intrusion in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block: implications for the processes of magma evolution and tectonic setting[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2019, 25 (2): 267-285. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2019.25.02.026 CrossRef Google Scholar
[11]	吴新斌, 吴凡, 毛友亮, 等. 汉南杂岩高桥沟花岗斑岩体岩石地球化学特征及侵位机制时代归属探讨[J]. 西北地质, 2023, 56(4): 329−335. Google Scholar WU Xinbin, WU Fan, MAO Youliang, et al. Petrological Characteristics and Emplacement Mechanism of the Gaoqiaogou Granitic Porphyry in the Hannan Complex: A Geochemistry Approach[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2023, 56(4): 329−335. Google Scholar
[12]	杨合群. 陕西毕机沟一带岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿[J]. 西北地质, 2021, 54(2): 110-110 Google Scholar YANG Hequn. Magmatic vanadium-titanium magnetite in Bijigou area, Shaanxi Province[J]. Northwest Geoscience, 2021, 54(2): 110-110. Google Scholar
[13]	杨合群, 苏犁, 宋述光, 等. 论陕西毕机沟钒钛磁铁矿床成因[J]. 地质与勘探, 2013, 40: 1036-1045 Google Scholar YANG Hequn, SU Li, SONG Shuguang, et al. On Genesis of the Bijigou V-Ti Magnetite Deposit in Shaanxi Province[J]. Geology and Exploration, 2013, 49 (06): 1036-1045. Google Scholar
[14]	杨星, 潘晓萍, 姚文光, 等. 汉南金水-青泥坑镁铁层状杂岩体与含铂性研究[J]. 西北地质科学, 1993, 14(1): 1–62 Google Scholar YANG Xing, PAN Xiaoping, YAO Wenguang, et al. Mafic layered complex body and its platinum-bearing nature in Jinshui-Qingnikeng Hanlan[J]. Northwest Geoscience, 1993, 14(1): 1-62. Google Scholar
[15]	张国伟, 于在平, 董云鹏, 等. 秦岭区前寒武纪构造格巧与演化问题探讨[J]. 岩石学报, 2000, 16: 11–21 Google Scholar ZHANG Guowei, YU Zaiping, DONG Yunpeng, et al. On Precambrian frame-work and evolution of the Qinling belt[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2000, 16(2): 11-21. Google Scholar
[16]	张国伟, 张宗清, 董云鹏. 秦略造山带主要构造岩石地层单元的构造性质及其火地构造意义[J]. 岩石学报, 1995, 11: 101–114 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0569.1995.02.002 CrossRef Google Scholar ZHANG Guowei, ZHANG Zongqing, DONG Yunpeng. Nature of Main Tectono-Lithostratigraphic Units of the Qingling Orogen: Implications of the Tectonoic Evolution[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 1995, 11(2): 101-114. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0569.1995.02.002 CrossRef Google Scholar
[17]	张宗清, 张国伟, 唐索寒, 等. 汉南侵入杂岩年龄及其快速冷凝原因[J]. 科学通报, 2000, 45: 2567–2572 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2000.23.021 CrossRef Google Scholar ZHANG Zongqing, ZHANG Guowei, TANG Suohan, et al. Geochronology of the Hannan intrusive complex to adjoin the Qinling orogen and its rapid cooling reason[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(23): 2567-2572. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2000.23.021 CrossRef Google Scholar
[18]	赵莉, 张招崇, 王福生, 等. 一个开放的岩浆房系统: 攀西新街镁铁-超镁铁质层状岩体[J]. 岩石学报, 2006, 22(6): 1565-1578 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0569.2006.06.014 CrossRef Google Scholar ZHAO Li, ZHANG Zhaochong, WANG Fusheng, et al. Open–system magma chamber: An example from the Xinjie mafic–ultramafic layered intrusion in Panxi region, SW China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2006, 22: 1565–1578. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0569.2006.06.014 CrossRef Google Scholar
[19]	Ballhaus C, Bockrath C, Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser C, et al. Fractionation of the noble metals by physical processes[J]. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006, 152: 667–684. doi: 10.1007/s00410-006-0126-z CrossRef Google Scholar
[20]	Barnes S J, Boyd R, Korneliussen A, et al. The Use of Mantle Normalization and Metal Ratios in Discriminating between the Effects of Partial Melting, Crystal Fractionation and Sulphide Segregation on Platinum-Group Elements, Gold, Nickel and Copper: Examples from Norway[J]. Springer Netherlands, 1988, 87: 113–143. Google Scholar
[21]	Barnes S J, Lightfoot P C. Formation of magmatic nickel–sulfide ore deposits and processes affecting their copper and platinum–group element contents[J]. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume: 2005, 179–213. Google Scholar
[22]	Barnes S J, Maier W D, Ashwal L D. Platinum–group element distribution in the main zone and upper zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 208: 293–317. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.04.018 CrossRef Google Scholar
[23]	Barnes S J, Maier W D. Platinum–group elements and microstructures of normal Merensky Reef from Impala Platinum Mines, Bushveld Complex[J]. Journal of Petrology, 2002, 43: 103–128. doi: 10.1093/petrology/43.1.103 CrossRef Google Scholar
[24]	Barnes S J, Naldrett A, Gorton M. The origin of the fractionation of platinum–group elements in terrestrial magmas[J]. Chemical Geology, 1985, 53: 303–323. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(85)90076-2 CrossRef Google Scholar
[25]	Barnes S J, Picard C. The behaviour of platinum–group elements during partial melting, crystal fractionation, and sulphide segregation: An example from the Cape Smith Fold Belt, northern Quebec[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1993, 57: 79–87. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90470-H CrossRef Google Scholar
[26]	Brenan J M, Finnigan C F, Mcdonough W F, et al. Experimental constraints on the partitioning of Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt and Pd between chromite and silicate melt: The importance of ferric iron[J]. Chemical Geology, 2012, 302: 16–32. Google Scholar
[27]	Brenan J M, Mcdonough W F, Ash R. An experimental study of the solubility and partitioning of iridium, osmium and gold between olivine and silicate melt[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 237: 855–872. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2005.06.051 CrossRef Google Scholar
[28]	Brenan J M, Mcdonough W F, Dalpe C. Experimental constraints on the partitioning of rhenium and some platinum–group elements between olivine and silicate melt[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2003, 212: 135–150. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00234-6 CrossRef Google Scholar
[29]	Campbell I H, Naldrett A J, Barnes S J. A model for the origin of the platinum–rich sulfide horizons in the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes[J]. Journal of Petrology, 1983, 24: 133–165. doi: 10.1093/petrology/24.2.133 CrossRef Google Scholar
[30]	Capobianco C J, Hervig R L, Drake M J. Experiments on crystal/liquid partitioning of Ru, Rh and Pd for magnetite and hematite solid solutions crystallized from silicate melt[J]. Chemical Geology, 1994, 113: 23–43. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(94)90003-5 CrossRef Google Scholar
[31]	Chu Z Y, Yan Y, Chen Z, et al. Comprehensive method for precise determination of Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd concentrations and Os isotopic compositions in geological samples[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2015, 39: 151-169. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2014.00283.x CrossRef Google Scholar
[32]	Dong Y P, Liu X M, Santosh M, et al. Neoproterozoic subduction tectonics of the northwestern Yangtze Block in South China: Constrains from zircon U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of mafic intrusions in the Hannan Massif[J]. Precambrian Research, 2011, 189: 66–90. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.05.002 CrossRef Google Scholar
[33]	Good D J, Crocket J H. Genesis of the Marathon Cu–platinum–group element deposit, Port Coldwell alkalic complex, Ontario; a Midcontinent rift–related magmatic sulfide deposit[J]. Economic Geology, 1994, 89: 131–149. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.89.1.131 CrossRef Google Scholar
[34]	Govindaraju K. 1994 complication of working values and sample description for 383 geostandards[J]. Geostandards Newsletter, 1994, 18: 1–158. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908X.1994.tb00502.x CrossRef Google Scholar
[35]	Li C S, Naldrett A J. Geology and petrology of the Voisey's Bay intrusion: reaction of olivine with sulfide and silicate liquids[J]. Lithos, 1999, 47: 1–31. doi: 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00005-5 CrossRef Google Scholar
[36]	Li H B, Zhang Z C, Li Y S, et al. Petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the Xinjie layered mafic–ultramafic intrusion, China: Modeling of recharge, assimilation and fractional crystallization[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 113: 1056–1067. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.02.030 CrossRef Google Scholar
[37]	Ling W L, Gao S, Zhang B R, et al. Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the northwestern Yangtze craton, South China: implications for amalgamation and break–up of the Rodinia Supercontinent[J]. Precambrian Research, 2003, 122: 111–140. doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00222-X CrossRef Google Scholar
[38]	Lorand J P, Luguet A, Alard O. Platinum–group element systematics and petrogenetic processing of the continental upper mantle: A review[J]. Lithos, 2013, 164–167: 2–21. Google Scholar
[39]	Maier W D, Barnes S J, Gartz V, et al. Pt–Pd reefs in magnetitites of the Stella layered intrusion, South Africa: A world of new exploration opportunities for platinum group elements[J]. Geology, 2003, 31: 885–888. Google Scholar
[40]	Meisel T, Moser J. Reference materials for geochemical PGE analysis: new analytical data for Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt and Re by isotope dilution ICP–MS in 11 geological reference materials[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 208: 319–338. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.04.019 CrossRef Google Scholar
[41]	Mitchell R H, Keays R R. Abundance and distribution of gold, palladium and iridium in some spinel and garnet lherzolites: implications for the nature and origin of precious metal–rich intergranular components in the upper mantle[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1981, 45: 2425–2433, 2435–2442. Google Scholar
[42]	Naldrett A J, Gasparrini E C, Barnes S J et al. The Upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex and the origin of Merensky–type ores[J]. Economic Geology, 1986, 81: 1105–1117. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.81.5.1105 CrossRef Google Scholar
[43]	Naldrett A J. From the mantle to the bank: the life of a Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposit[J]. South African Journal of Geology, 2010, 113: 1–32. doi: 10.2113/gssajg.113.1-1 CrossRef Google Scholar
[44]	Pagé P, Barnes S J, Béard J H, et al. In situ determination of Os, Ir, and Ru in chromites formed from komatiite, tholeiite and boninite magmas: Implications for chromite control of Os, Ir and Ru during partial melting and crystal fractionation[J]. Chemical Geology, 2012, 302–303: 3–15. Google Scholar
[45]	Pang Kwannang, Li C S, Zhou M F, et al. Mineral compositional constraints on petrogenesis and oxide ore genesis of the late Permian Panzhihua layered gabbroic intrusion, SW China[J]. Lithos, 2009, 110: 199–214. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.01.007 CrossRef Google Scholar
[46]	Pang Kwannang, Zhou M F, Qi L, et al. Flood basalt–related Fe–Ti oxide deposits in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China[J]. Lithos, 2010, 119: 123–136. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.06.003 CrossRef Google Scholar
[47]	Park J W, Campbell I H, Eggins S M. Enrichment of Rh, Ru, Ir and Os in Cr spinels from oxidized magmas: evidence from the Ambae volcano, Vanuatu[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2012, 78: 28–50. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.018 CrossRef Google Scholar
[48]	Peach C L, Mathez E A, Keays R R. Sulfide melt-silicate melt distribution coefficients for noble metals and other chalcophile elements as deduced from MORB: Implications for partial melting[J]. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1990, 54(12): 3379-3389. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90292-S CrossRef Google Scholar
[49]	Peach C L, Mathez E A, Keays R R. Experimentally determined sulfide melt-silicate melt partition coefficients for iridium andpalladium[J]. Chemical Geology, 1994, (117): 361-377. Google Scholar
[50]	Qi L, Zhou M F. Platinum–group elemental and Sr–Nd–Os isotopic geochemistry of Permian Emeishan flood basalts in Guizhou Province, SW China[J]. Chemical Geology, 2008, 248: 83–103. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.004 CrossRef Google Scholar
[51]	Righter K, Campbell A J, Humayun M, et al. Partitioning of Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Ir, and Au between Cr–bearing spinel, olivine, pyroxene and silicate melts[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 2004, 68: 867–880. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2003.07.005 CrossRef Google Scholar
[52]	Sá J H S, Barnes S J, Prichard H M, et al. The Distribution of Base Metals and Platinum–Group Elements in Magnetititeand Its Host Rocks in the Rio Jacare Intrusion, Northeastern Brazil[J]. Economic Geology, 2005, 100: 333–348. Google Scholar
[53]	Taylor S R, Mclennan S M. The continental crust: its composition and evolution[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1985, 94(4): 57-72. Google Scholar
[54]	Vogel D C. The geology and geochemistry of the Agnew Intrusion: implications for the petrogenesis of early Huronian mafic igneous rocks in Central Ontario, Canada[J]. The University of Melbourne, 1996, 163. Google Scholar
[55]	Wang M X, Oliver N, Christina W. The flaw in the crustal ‘zircon archive’: mixed Hf isotope signatures record progressive contamination of late–stage liquid in mafic–ultramafic layered intrusions[J]. Journal of Petrology, 2016, 57: 27–52. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egv072 CrossRef Google Scholar
[56]	Zhang X Q, Zhang H F, Zou H B. Rift–related Neoproterozoic tholeiitic layered mafic intrusions at northern Yangtze Block, South China: Mineral chemistry evidence[J]. Lithos, 2020, 356–357: 105376. Google Scholar
[57]	Zhang Z C, Mao J W, Saunders A D, et al. Petrogenetic modeling of three mafic–ultramafic layered intrusions in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China, based on isotopic and bulk chemical constraints[J]. Lithos, 2009, 113: 369–392. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.04.023 CrossRef Google Scholar
[58]	Zhao G C, Cawood P A. Precambrian geology of China[J]. Precambrian Research, 2012, 222–223: 13–54. Google Scholar
[59]	Zhao J H, Zhou M F. Secular evolution of the Neoproterozoic lithospheric mantle underneath the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, South China[J]. Lithos, 2009, 107: 152–168. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2008.09.017 CrossRef Google Scholar
[60]	Zhong H, Qi L, Hu R Z, et al. Rhenium–osmium isotope and platinum–group elements in the Xinjie layered intrusion, SW China: Implications for source mantle composition, mantle evolution, PGE fractionation and mineralization[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 2011, 75: 1621–1641. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.01.009 CrossRef Google Scholar
[61]	Zhong H, Tao Y, Prevec S A, et al. Trace–element and Sr–Nd isotopic geochemistry of the PGE–bearing Xinjie layered intrusion in SW China[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 203: 237–252. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.10.008 CrossRef Google Scholar
[62]	Zhou M F, Kennedy A K, Sun M, et al. Neoproterozoic arc–related mafic intrusions along the northern margin of South China: implications for the accretion of Rodinia[J]. The Journal of Geology, 2002, 110: 611–618. doi: 10.1086/341762 CrossRef Google Scholar
[63]	Zhou M F, Robinson P T, Lesher C M, et al. Geochemistry, petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the Panzhihua gabbroic layered intrusion and associated Fe–Ti–V oxide deposits, Sichuan Province, SW China[J]. Journal of Petrology, 2005, 46: 2253–2280. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egi054 CrossRef Google Scholar