The accumulation mechanism of giant ores in the Xikuangshan antimony deposit, central Hunan: Constraints from fluid inclusions hosted in calcite

HU A'xiang; WEN Jing; PENG Jiantang

doi:10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2023.07.009

2023 Vol. 42, No. 7

Article Contents

Article navigation > Geological Bulletin of China > 2023 > 42(7): 1166-1178

Next Article Previous Article

HU A'xiang, WEN Jing, PENG Jiantang. 2023. The accumulation mechanism of giant ores in the Xikuangshan antimony deposit, central Hunan: Constraints from fluid inclusions hosted in calcite. Geological Bulletin of China, 42(7): 1166-1178. doi: 10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2023.07.009

Citation:

HU A'xiang, WEN Jing, PENG Jiantang. 2023. The accumulation mechanism of giant ores in the Xikuangshan antimony deposit, central Hunan: Constraints from fluid inclusions hosted in calcite. Geological Bulletin of China, 42(7): 1166-1178. doi: 10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2023.07.009

The accumulation mechanism of giant ores in the Xikuangshan antimony deposit, central Hunan: Constraints from fluid inclusions hosted in calcite

1.
College of Civil Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, China
2.
Hunan Engineering Research Center of Structural Safety and Disaster Prevention for Urban Underground Infrastructure, Yiyang 413000, Hunan, China
3.
Department of Resources and Environment, Hunan Nonferrous Metals Vocational and Technical College, Zhuzhou 412000, Hunan, China
4.
State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China

More Information

Corresponding author: PENG Jiantang, jtpeng@126.com

Received Date: 06 April 2022

Revised Date: 11 July 2022

Publish Date: 15 July 2023

Abstract

Abstract

Although a lot of efforts have been made on the Xikuangshan deposit, the key scientific problem why such giant ores were accumulated in the narrow Xikuangshan area still remains unclear.The detailed investigation on the evolution of the ore-forming fluid and on the mechanism of its ore precipitation will be helpful for solving the above problem, since the giant ore accumulation in the hydrothermal deposit resulted from the convergence and effective precipitation of the large-scale hydrothermal fluid.Calcite is common in the Xikuanghan deposit and is closely related to antimony mineralization, thus it is an ideal mineral to study the mineralization process in the Xikuangshan ore district.Based on the researches on the petrography and microthermometry of fluid inclusions hosted in calcite, the fluid evolution process and ore precipitation mechanism are preliminarily depicted, and then the accumulation mechanism of giant ores in the Xikuangshan deposit is discussed.It is shown that, various calcites share similar fluid inclusion types, but their fluid inclusions display the distinct differences in view of petrography, the fluid inclusions hosted in those calcites of the early mineralization are rare in amount and small in size, the inclusions hosted in calcite of the late mineralization are relatively developed and relatively large in size, and the inclusions in the post-ore calcites are the most in amount and the largest in size.It was revealed that there are twice independent mineralization events happened in the Xikuangshan ore district.The early mineralization is characterized by the hydrothermal fluid with relatively high temperature and moderate salinity, which is beneficial to the large-scale migration of antimony, and the fluid mixing is responsible for the ore precipitation of early mineralization; the late ore-forming fluid is a kind of moderate-temperature and low-salinity hydrothermal solution, the antimony concentration in this kind of hydrothermal solution is significantly lower than that in the early mineralizing fluid, and the ore precipitation resulted from the fluid cooling.Moreover, there is another hydrothermal event after antimony mineralization with low-temperature and low-salinity solution.The giant accumulation of ore in the Xikuangshan ore district is mainly ascribed to the early mineralization, with high-concentration antimony in the ore-forming fluid and the giant flux of fluid, and the ore precipitation mechanism of fluid mixing in the early mineralization stage are favorable for the formation of the giant antimony deposits.
- metallogenic mechanism /
- calcite /
- antimony deposit /
- superlarge ore deposit /
- Hunan Province

FullText(HTML)

References

[1]	Borisenko A S, Obolensky A A. Concentration of ore-forming solutions as a factor of formation of superlarge deposits[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 1994, (Z2): 1-4. Google Scholar
[2]	Chi G X, Diamond L W, Lu H Z, et al. Common problems and pitfalls in fluid inclusion study: A review and discussion[J]. Minerals, 2021, 11: 1-23. Google Scholar
[3]	Fall A, Bodnar R J. Howprecisely can the temperature of a fluid event be constrained using fluid inclusions? [J]. Economic Geology, 2018, 113(8): 1817-1843. doi: 10.5382/econgeo.2018.4614 CrossRef Google Scholar
[4]	Gaëtan L, Stanislas S, Laurent G, et al. Deciphering fluid flow at the magmatic-hydrothermal transition: A case study from the world-class Panasqueira W-Sn-(Cu) ore deposit (Portugal)[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2018, 499: 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.012 CrossRef Google Scholar
[5]	Hagemann S G, Lüders V. P-T-X conditions of hydrothermal fluids and precipitation mechanism of stibnite-gold mineralization at the Wiluna lode-gold deposits, Western Australia: Conventional and infrared microthermometric constraints[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2003, 38: 936-952. doi: 10.1007/s00126-003-0351-6 CrossRef Google Scholar
[6]	Hall D L, Sterner S M, Bondar R J. Freezing point deporession of NaCl-KCl-H₂O solutions[J]. Economic Geology, 1998, 83: 197-202. Google Scholar
[7]	Hu A X, Peng J T. Fluid inclusions and ore precipitation mechanism in the giant Xikuangshan mesothermal antimony deposit, South China: Conventional and infrared microthermometric constraints[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2018, 95: 49-64. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.02.005 CrossRef Google Scholar
[8]	Kerkhof A M V D, Hein U F. Fluid inclusion petrography[J]. Lithos, 2001, 55(1/4): 27-47. Google Scholar
[9]	Krupp R E. Solubility of stibnite in hydrogen sulfide solutions, speciation, and equilibrium constants, from 25 to 350℃[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1988, 52: 3005-3015. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(88)90164-0 CrossRef Google Scholar
[10]	Liu P, Mao J R, Jian W, et al. Fluid mixing leads to main-stage cassiterite precipitation at the Xiling Sn polymetallic deposit, SE China: evidence from fluid inclusions and multiple stable isotopes (H-O-S)[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2020, 55(6): 1233-1246. doi: 10.1007/s00126-019-00933-0 CrossRef Google Scholar
[11]	Mernagh T P, Leys C, Henley R W. Fluid inclusion systematics in porphyry copper deposits: the super-giant Grasberg deposit, Indonesia, as a case study[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2020, 123: 103570. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103570 CrossRef Google Scholar
[12]	Peng J T, Hu R Z, Burnard P G. Samarium-neodymium isotope systematics of hydrothermal calcites from the Xikuangshan antimony deposit (Hunan, China): the potential of calcite as a geochronometer[J]. Chemical Geology, 2003, 200(1/2): 129-136. Google Scholar
[13]	Richter L, Diamond L W, Atanasova P, et al. Hydrothermal formation of heavy rare earth element (HREE)-xenotime deposits at 100 ℃ in a sedimentary basin[J]. Geology, 2018, 46(3): 263-266. doi: 10.1130/G39871.1 CrossRef Google Scholar
[14]	Roedder E. Fluid Inclusions[M]. Washing, D C: Mineralogical Society of America, 1984. Google Scholar
[15]	Shepherd T J, Rankin A H, Alderton D. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies[M]. New York: Blackie, 1985. Google Scholar
[16]	Shu X C, Liu Y. Fluid inclusion constraints on the hydrothermal evolution of the Dalucao carbonatite-related REE deposit, Sichuan Province, China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2019, 107: 41-57. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.014 CrossRef Google Scholar
[17]	Spycher N F, Reed M H. As (Ⅲ) and Sb (Ⅲ) sulfide complexes: an evaluation of stoichiometry and stability from existing experimental data[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1989, 54: 2158-2194. Google Scholar
[18]	Tan Q P, Xia Y, Xie Z J, et al. Migration paths and precipitation mechanisms of ore-forming fluids at the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou, China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 69: 140-156. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.02.006 CrossRef Google Scholar
[19]	Wagner T, Cook N J. Late-Variscan antimony mineralisation in the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, NW Germany: evidence for stibnite precipitation by drastic cooling of high-temperature fluid systems[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2000, 35(2/3): 206-222. Google Scholar
[20]	Wang L, Tang L, Zhang S T, et al. Genesis of the Yujiadian F-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, Inner Mongolia, NE China: Constraints from geochemistry, fluid inclusion, zircon geochronology and stable isotopes[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2020, 122: 103528. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103528 CrossRef Google Scholar
[21]	Wilkinson J J. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits[J]. Lithos, 2001, 55: 229-272. doi: 10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5 CrossRef Google Scholar
[22]	Zhang H Y, Zhai D G, Liu J J, et al. Fluid inclusion and stable (H-O-C) isotope studies of the giant Shuangjianzishan epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, Inner Mongolia, NE China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2019, 115: 103170. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103170 CrossRef Google Scholar
[23]	Zotov A V, Shikina N D, Akinfiev N N. Thermodynamic properties of the Sb(Ⅲ) hydroxide complex Sb(OH)₃(aq) at hydrothermal conditions[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2003, 67(10): 1821-1836. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01281-4 CrossRef Google Scholar
[24]	何江, 马东升. 中低温含硫、氯水溶液对地层中金、锑、汞、砷的淋滤实验研究[J]. 地质论评, 1996, 42(11): 76-86. Google Scholar
[25]	胡阿香, 彭建堂. 湘中锡矿山中生代煌斑岩及其成因研究[J]. 岩石学报, 2016, 32(7): 2041-2056. Google Scholar
[26]	胡阿香, 文静, 彭建堂. 湘中锡矿山锑矿床方解石稀土元素地球化学及其找矿指示意义[J]. 矿物学报, 2023, 42(1): 38-48. Google Scholar
[27]	胡雄伟. 湖南锡矿山超大型锑矿床成矿地质背景及矿床成因[D]. 中国地质科学院博士学位论文, 1995. Google Scholar
[28]	李堃, 段其发, 赵少瑞, 等. 湖南花垣铅锌矿床成矿物质来源与成矿机制—来自S、Pb、Sr同位素的证据[J]. 地质通报, 2017, 36(5): 811-822. Google Scholar
[29]	刘光模, 简厚明. 锡矿山锑矿田地质特征[J]. 矿床地质, 1983, 2(3): 43-50. Google Scholar
[30]	刘焕品. 锡矿山锑矿床的硅化作用及其形成机制[J]. 湖南地质, 1986, 5(3): 27-36. Google Scholar
[31]	刘守林, 彭建堂, 胡阿香, 等. 湘中锡矿山矿区与成矿有关的角砾岩及其形成机制[J]. 地质论评, 2017, 63(1): 75-88. Google Scholar
[32]	刘文均. 华南几个锑矿床的成因探讨[J]. 成都地质学院学报, 1992, 19(2): 10-19 Google Scholar
[33]	马东升. 地壳中流体的大规模流动系统及其成矿意义[J]. 高校地质学报, 1998, 4(3): 250-261. Google Scholar
[34]	马东升, 潘家永, 解庆林. 湘中锑(金)矿床成矿物质来源——Ⅱ同位素地球化学证据[J]. 矿床地质, 2003, 22(1): 78-87. Google Scholar
[35]	牛贺才, 马东升. 在低温开放体系水/岩反应过程中金、锑、钨的实验地球化学研究[J]. 科学通报, 1991, 36(24): 1879-1881. Google Scholar
[36]	彭建堂, 胡瑞忠. 湘中锡矿山超大型锑矿床的碳、氧同位素体系[J]. 地质论评, 2001a, 47(1): 34-41. Google Scholar
[37]	彭建堂, 胡瑞忠, 邓海琳, 等. 湘中锡矿山锑矿床的Sr同位素地球化学[J]. 地球化学, 2001b, 30(3): 248-256. Google Scholar
[38]	彭建堂, 胡瑞忠, 漆亮, 等. 锡矿山热液方解石的分配模式及其制约因素[J]. 地质论评, 2004, 50(1): 25-32. Google Scholar
[39]	史明魁, 傅必勤, 靳西祥. 湘中锑矿[M]. 长沙: 湖南科学技术出版社, 1993. Google Scholar
[40]	吴良士, 胡雄伟. 湖南锡矿山地区云斜煌斑岩及其花岗岩包体的意义[J]. 地质地球化学, 2000, 28(2): 51-55. Google Scholar
[41]	谢桂青, 彭建堂, 胡瑞忠, 等. 湖南锡矿山锑矿矿区煌斑岩的地球化学特征[J]. 岩石学报, 2001, 17(4): 29-36. Google Scholar
[42]	解庆林, 马东升, 刘英俊. 锡矿山锑矿床方解石的地球化学特征[J]. 矿产与地质, 1996, 10(2): 94-99. Google Scholar
[43]	解庆林. 湘中湘西中低温热液矿床流体地质作用过程的地球化学研究[D]. 南京大学博士学位论文, 1996. Google Scholar
[44]	解庆林, 马东升, 裘丽雯, 等. 湘西新元古界—寒武系中锑砷存在相态研究[J]. 地质论评, 1998, 44(1): 77-82. Google Scholar
[45]	张德会. 成矿流体中金属沉淀机制研究综述[J]. 地质科技情报, 1997, 16(3): 53-58. Google Scholar