Citation: | JIANG Junsheng, HU Peng, ZHANG Haikun, CHENG Xiang, WANG Jianxiong, XIANG Wenshuai. Genetic types of gold deposits in Western Africa and their temporal and spatial distribution[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2022, 41(1): 85-98. doi: 10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2022.01.007 |
West Africa is known as the "Gold Coast". In recent years, the gold in West Africa prospecting exploration and production has continuously broken new highs, and it has surpassed South Africa to become the most important gold-producing region in Africa. In order to understand the geological conditions and their temporal and spatial distribution of gold deposits in West Africa, this paper systematically sorts out and summarizes 156 gold deposits in West Africa. A comprehensive study found that West Africa has discovered gold reserves accounting for more than 7% of the world, and will become an important pole of global gold mining and supply in the future. In terms of genetic type, the gold orogenic type deposit is the main type in West Africa, and its ore-forming fluid is characterized by the enrichments of water and carbon. The conglomerate type gold deposit is the second important genetic type, which is an unique type in West Africa. The gold deposits in West Africa are widely distributed and highly concentrated in time. The Eburnean Orogeny (2.2 ~2.0 Ga) in Paleoproterozoic has an absolute control on the formation of gold deposits in West Africa, and relatively few gold deposits formed in other periods. The gold deposits in West Africa are widely distributed in space and have obvious cluster distribution characteristics, which are concentrated in the Leo shield area within the West Africa Craton. Whereas, the other areas are sporadically exposed. According to the geological background and spatial distribution of gold deposits in West Africa, 23 Ⅳ metallogenic belts are firstly divided in this area. The above research is not only helpful to understand the metallogenic geological conditions and distribution rules of gold deposits in West Africa, but also could supply some indication on the next prospecting and exploration deployment, and also may provide some enlightenment for the theoretical research of gold deposits in this area.
[1] | 江思宏, 张莉莉, 刘翼飞, 等. 非洲大陆金矿分布特征与勘查建议[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2020, 28(4): 465-478. |
[2] | 任军平, 胡鹏, 王杰, 等. 非洲矿业发展概况[J]. 地质学报, 2021, 95(4): 945-961. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2021.04.002 |
[3] | 张广纯, 杨兵, 秦秀峰, 等. 马里金矿特征、成矿规律及找矿远景分析[J]. 矿产勘查, 2014, 5(2): 389-395. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7801.2014.02.035 |
[4] | 王海燕, 夏强. 西非利比里亚绿岩型金矿成因及特点[J]. 地球, 2013, 000(7): 149-149. |
[5] | Goldfarb R J, Groves D I, Gardoll S. Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2001, 18: 1-75. doi: 10.1016/S0169-1368(01)00016-6 |
[6] | Yao Y, Murphy P J, Robb L J. Fluid characteristics of granitoid-hosted gold deposits in the Birimian Terrane of Ghana: A fluid inclusion microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic study[J]. Economic Geology, 2001, 96: 161-1643. |
[7] | 徐慧. 西非——正成为新的金矿勘查投资热点[J]. 资源环境与工程, 2019, 33(3): 445-446. |
[8] | Goldfarb R J, Andre-Mayer A S, Jowitt, S M, et al. West Africa: The World's Premier Paleoproterozoic Gold Province[J]. Economic Geology, 2015, 112: 123-143. |
[9] | Markwitz V, Hein K, Jessell M W, et al. Metallogenic portfolio of the West Africa craton[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 78: 558-563. |
[10] | Milési J P, Feybesse J L, Pinna P, et al. Geological map of Africa 1: 10 000 000[C]//SIGAfrique Project: 20th Conference of African Geology, BRGM, Orléans, France, 2004. |
[11] | John T, Klemd R, Hirdes W, et al. The metamorphic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic(Birimian) volcanic Ashanti belt(Ghana, West Africa)[J]. Precambrian Research, 1999, 98: 11-30. doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00024-8 |
[12] | Feybesse J L, Billa M, Guerrot, C. The Palaeoproterozoic Ghanaian province: Geodynamic model and ore controls, including regional stress modelling[J]. Precambrian Research, 2006, 149: 149-196. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.06.003 |
[13] | Gärtner A, Villeneuve M, Linnemann U, et al. An exotic terrane of Laurussian affinity in the Mauritanides and Souttoufides(Moroccan Sahara)[J]. Gondwana Research, 2013, 24: 687-699. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.019 |
[14] | Key R M, Loughlin S C, Horstwood M S A, et al. Two Mesoarchaean terranes in the Reguibat shield of NW Mauritania[M]. Special Publication of the Geological Society, London, 2008: 33-52. |
[15] | Hirdes W, Davis D W. U-Pb geochronology of Paleoproterozoic rocks in the southern part of the Kedougou-Kéniéba inlier, Senegal, West Africa: Evidence for diachronous accretionary development of the Eburnean province[J]. Precambrian Research, 2002, 118: 83-99. doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00080-3 |
[16] | Ponsard J F, Roussel J, Villeneuve M. The Pan-African orogenic belt of southern Mauritanides and northern Rokelides(southern Senegal and Guinea, West Africa): gravity evidence for a collisional suture[J]. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 1988, 7: 463-472. doi: 10.1016/0899-5362(88)90090-5 |
[17] | Goldfarb R J, André-Mayer A S, Jowitt S M, et al. West Africa: The World's premier Paleoproterozoic gold province[J]. Economic Geology, 2017, 112: 123-143. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.112.1.123 |
[18] | Kempe U, Graupner T, Seltmann R, Boorder H D, Dolgopolova A. The Muruntau gold deposit(Uzbekistan) -A unique ancient hydrothermal system in the southern Tien Shan[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2016, 7(3): 495-528. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2015.09.005 |
[19] | 欧阳玉飞, 刘继顺, 周余国, 等. 卡林型金矿研究的若干问题探讨[J]. 地质找矿论丛, 2011, 26(2): 151-156. |
[20] | 孙书山. 中国金矿资源特点及勘查对策[J]. 中国地质, 1991, (2): 7-10. |
[21] | Izawa E, Urashima Y, Ibaraki K, Suzuki R, et al. The Hishikari gold deposit: high-grade epithermal veins in Quaternary volcanics of southern Kyushu, Japan[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 1990, 36(1/3): 1-56. |
[22] | Boyle R W. Gold: History and genesis of deposits[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987: 1-25. |
[23] | 郑明华. 中国金矿床类型的初步划分[J]. 成都地质学院学报, 1983, 1: 27-41. |
[24] | Tatsch J H. Gold deposit: origin, evolution, and present characteristics: an analysis of the present gold deposits in terms of the geometrical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical aspects of the Earth's behavior during the past 4.6 billion years[M]. Sudbury, Mass: Tatsch Associates, 1975: 1-34. |
[25] | 葛良胜, 邓军, 杨立强, 等. 中国金矿床: 基于成矿时空的分类探讨[J]. 地质找矿论丛, 2009, 24(2): 91-100. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1412.2009.02.001 |
[26] | 王杰, 任军平, 许康康, 等. 南非主要金矿集区研究现状及存在问题[J]. 地质论评. 2014, 60(4): 1-12. |
[27] | 柳永刚, 杨玉平, 李建军, 等. 西秦岭造山带天子坪金矿床成矿时代及成因[J]. 地质通报, 2020, 39(8): 1212-1220. |
[28] | 任军平, 王杰, 刘晓阳, 等. 坦桑尼亚Nzega绿岩带Golden Pride金矿床研究进展[J]. 地质调查与研究, 2013, 36(1): 47-53. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4135.2013.01.005 |
[29] | 黄晋荣, 陈志方, 姜宇. 山西右玉金矿床地质成因认识及找矿方向[J]. 地质调查与研究, 2019, 42(3): 185-193, 201. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4135.2019.03.004 |
[30] | 王杰亭, 谢建平, 卢邦飞, 等. 老挝爬奔金矿金矿化及其围岩蚀变过程元素迁移[J]. 地质调查与研究, 2018, 41(2): 108-112, 133. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4135.2018.02.005 |
[31] | Li W B, Qiao X Y, Zhang F H, et al. Tourmaline as a potential mineral for exploring porphyry deposits: a case study of the Bilihe gold deposit in Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2022, 57: 61-82. doi: 10.1007/s00126-021-01051-6 |
[32] | 张顺洋, 王海滨, 王淞, 等. 印度尼西亚Cikotok矿区帕瑟埃拉金矿成因及成矿潜力[J]. 地质与资源, 2021, 30(2): 136-142. |
[33] | 王建, 谢桂青, 姚磊, 等. 鄂东南鸡笼山矽卡岩型金矿床花岗闪长斑岩的成因: 地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学约束[J]. 矿床地质, 2014, 33(1): 137-152. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2014.01.009 |
[34] | Milesi J P, Ledru P, Ankrah P, et al. The metallogenic relationship between Birimian and Tarkwaian gold deposits in Ghana[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 1991, 26: 228-238. |
[35] | 齐金忠, 李莉, 郭晓东. 大兴安岭北部砂宝斯蚀变砂岩型金矿地质特征[J]. 矿床地质, 2000, (2): 116-125. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2000.02.003 |
[36] | Campos L D, Oliveira C G, Ganade C E, et al. Metallogenesis of the Rhyacian Lavra Velha gold-rich IOCG deposit in the São Francisco Craton, Brazil[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2021, 134: 104-148. |
[37] | McFarlane C R M, Mavrogenes J, Lentz D, et al. Geology and intrusion-related affinity of the Morila Gold Mine, Southeast Mali[J]. Economic Geology, 2011, 106: 727-750. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.106.5.727 |
[38] | Mignot E L, Siebenaller L, Beziat D, et al. The Paleoproterozoic copper-gold deposits of the Gaoua District, Burkina Faso: superposition of orogenic gold on a porphyry copper occurrence?[J]. Economic Geology, 2017, 112: 99-122. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.112.1.99 |
[39] | Wyman D A. Archean shoshonitic lamprophyres associated with superior Province gold deposits: distribution, tectonic setting, noble metal Abundances, and significance for gold mineralization[J]. Economic Geology Monographs, 1989, 6: 661-667. |
[40] | 邓军, 杨立强, 王长明. 三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用研究进展[J]. 岩石学报, 2011, 27(9): 2501-2509. |
[41] | 陈衍景, Pirajno F, 赖勇, 等. 胶东矿集区大规模成矿时间和构造环境[J]. 岩石学报, 2004, 20(4): 907-922. |
[42] | Groves D I. The crustal continuum model for Late-Archaean Lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 1993, 28(6): 366-374. doi: 10.1007/BF02431596 |
[43] | Goldfarb R J, Groves D I. Orogenic Gold: Common or evolving fluid and metal sources through time[J]. Lithos, 2015, 233: 2-26. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2015.07.011 |
[44] | Groves D I, Santosh M, Goldfarb R J, et al. Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits: Implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2018, 9(4): 1163-1177. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2018.01.006 |
[45] | Phillips G N, Powell R. Formation of gold deposits: A metamorphic devolatilization model[J]. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2010, 28(6): 689-718. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00887.x |
[46] | Fu B, Touret J L R. From granulite fluids to quartz-carbonate megashear zones: The Gold Rush[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2014, 5(5): 747-758. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2014.03.013 |
[47] | Deng J, Yang L Q, Gao B F, et al. Fluid evolution and metallogenic dynamics during tectonic regime transition: Example from the Jiapigou Gold Belt in Northeast China[J]. Resource Geology, 2009, 59(2): 140-152. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-3928.2009.00086.x |
[48] | Deng J, Liu X F, Wang Q F. Origin of the Jiaodong-type Xinli gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from Fluid Inclusion and C-D-O-S-Sr isotope compositions[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2015, 65: 674-686. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.04.018 |
[49] | Goldfarb R J, Baker T, Dube B, et al. Distribution, Character, and Genesis of Gold Deposits in Metamorphic Belts[C]//Hedenquist J W, Thompson J F H, Goldfarb J. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, Colorado, USA, 2005: 407-450. |
[50] | Goldfarb R J, Snee L W, Pickthorn W J. Orogenesis, high-T thermal events, and gold vein formation within metamorphic rocks of the Alaskan Cordillera[J]. Mineralogical Magazine, 1993, 57(3): 375-394. |
[51] | 陈衍景. 造山型矿床、成矿模式及找矿潜力[J]. 中国地质, 2006, 33(6) : 1181-1196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2006.06.001 |
[52] | 范宏瑞, 谢奕汉, 翟明国, 等. 豫陕小秦岭脉状金矿床三期流体运移成矿作用[J]. 岩石学报, 2003, 19(2) : 260-266. |
[53] | 周军, 祁世军. 造山带金矿研究现状与存在的问题[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 2004, 26(2) : 16-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2004.02.004 |
[54] | 刘馨, 闫建明, 吴少魁, 等. 豫西祁雨沟189号斑岩型金矿床围岩蚀变和黄铁矿微量元素特征及其对成矿过程的约束[J]. 地质通报, 2021, 40(9): 1530-1546. |
[55] | Anhauusser C R. Archaean greenstone belts and associated granitic rocks—A review[J]. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2014, 100: 684-732. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.019 |
[56] | Heron K, Jessell M, Benn K, et al. The Tasiast Deposit, Mauritania[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2016, 78: 564-572. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.08.020 |
[57] | Bossiére G, Bonkoungou I, Peucat J, et al. Origin and age of Paleoproterozoic conglomerates and sandstones of the Tarkwaian Group in Burkina Faso, West Africa[J]. Precambrian Research, 1996, 80(3/4): 153-172. |
[58] | Béziat D, Siebenaller L, Salvi S, et al. A weathered skarn-type mineralization in Ivory Coast: The Ity gold deposit[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2016, 78: 724-730. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.07.011 |
[59] | Kouamelan A N, Delor C, Peucat J J. Geochronological evidence for reworking of Archean terrains during the Early Proterozoic(2.1 Ga) in the western Cote d'Ivoire(Man Rise—West African Craton)[J]. Precambrian Research, 1997, 86: 177-199. doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00043-0 |
[60] | Meyer F M, Kolb J, Sakellaris G A, et al. New ages from the Mauritanides Belt: recognition of Archean IOCG mineralization at Guelb Moghrein, Mauritania[J]. Terra Nova, 2006, 18: 345-352. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00698.x |
[61] | Fougerouse D, Micklethwaite S, Ulrich S, et al. Evidence for two stages of mineralization in West Africa's largest gold deposit: Obuasi, Ghana[J]. Economic Geology, 2017, 112: 3-32. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.112.1.3 |
[62] | Oberthür T, Vetter U, Schmidt Mumm A, et al. The Ashanti gold mine at Obuasi, Ghana: Mineralogical, geochemical, stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies on the metallogenesis of the deposit[J]. Geologisches Jahrbuch D, 1994, 100: 31-129. |
[63] | Allibone A H, McCuaig T C, Harris D, et al. Structural controls on gold mineralization at the Ashanti gold deposit, Obuasi, Ghana[M]. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, 2002, 9: 29-33. |
Tectonic map of West Africa
The resource and reserves of the main gold producing countries(a)and the histogram of gold grade(b)in West Africa
Geological map of the Obuassi gold deposit
Division of gold metallogenic belt in West Africa