Citation: | ZHANG Yipeng, ZHENG Wenjun, YUAN Daoyang, WANG Weitao, ZHANG Peizhen. 2021. Geometrical imagery and kinematic dissipation of the late Cenozoic active faults in the West Qinling Belt: Implications for the growth of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geomechanics, 27(2): 159-177. doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.017 |
The West Qinling Belt (WQB) situated in the central China continent, is an enormous structure on the crustal scale, which is not controlled only by the Tethyan tectonic domain but is more complex, involving additional tectonic domains. The composite WQB as the coordinate system, which underwent five major episodes of accretion and collision between discrete continental blocks, has distinct geological and geophysical structure, geomorphology and environment, characterized by complex structures, complex forming processes and mixed materials. Moderate-strong earthquakes occurred frequently in the WQB in recent years, attesting its tectonic activity. Numerous results from the studies related to active fault geological and geodesic observations gave us new insights into present-day crustal deformation characteristics and its dynamic mechanism and helped us in exploring the control effect of active tectonic system on significant earthquake events in the WQB. Two groups of faults striking in different direction (NWW-trending and NEE-trending) within the WQB have played significant roles in the tectonic deformation and the transference slip along the east end of the east Kunlun fault since the Quaternary. Recent results suggest that the < 2 mm/a slip rate at the tip of the east Kunlun fault is absorbed by low slip rate faults, crustal shortening, basin formation, mountain uplift and block rotation in the WQB. Whereas deformation in the shallow brittle crust does not occur on a major fault, deformation of a continuous medium at depth best describes the present-day tectonics of the WQB. Regionally, mantle magmatism, geophysical and geological data show that the actively deforming WQB crust is dominated by main mountain building contraction shortening strain in the upper crust, decoupled plastic deformation in the lower crust and extrusion of the mantle lithosphere below to the high-strain domains in the crust above, and such a transition zone (high and low velocity/resistivity anomalies) is relatively easy to accumulate stress, leading to occurrence of major earthquake in this area.
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Distribution of major faults and strong earthquakes in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the West Qinling Belt. (a) Distribution of major faults and strong earthquakes in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. (b) Late Quaternary active tectonics and strong earthquakes in the West Qinling Belt. (modified after Zheng et al., 2016)HYF—Haiyuan fault; WQLF—West Qinling fault; EKLF—East Kunlun fault; LTF—Lintan-Tanchang fault; GDF—Guanggaishan-Dieshan fault; BLJF—Bailongjiang fault; LLF—Lixian-luojiapu fault; LJF—Liangdang-Jiangluo fault; CXF—Chengxian fault; WKLF—Wenxian-Kangxian-Lueyang fault; MJF—Minjiang fault, HyF—Huya fault; QCF—Qingchuan fault; LMSF—Longmenshan fault. The fault names in the later drawings are consistent with these in Fig. 1
Geometry and kinematics of the active faults in the West Qinling Syntaxis. The numbers along the fault show the slip rates based on geological observations. Data from Kirby et al., 2007; Li et al., 2011, 2020; Zheng et al., 2016; Chen and Lin, 2019; Zhang et al., 2021.
Tectonic setting of the West Qinling on the relief map and GPS velocity field(Zheng et al., 2016). Grey ellipses represent 95% confidence. GPS data is from Gan et al., 2007.
GPS velocity profiles across the West Qinling Syntaxis along N52°E and N28°W. Location of each profile is shown in Fig. 3. (a, b) GPS velocity across the profile A. (c, d) GPS velocity across the profile B
Compilation of faults, basins, mountains, magmatism, exhumation ages in the West Qinling Belt and its schematic model of the NE Tibetan Plateau. (a) Compilation of faults, basins, mountains, magmatism, exhumation ages in the West Qinling Belt (River incision in the eastern Tibetan Plateau: Tian et al., 2015; Clark et al., 2005. Mountain uplifts: Longmenshan: Wang et al., 2012a; Minshan: Tian et al., 2018; Micangshan: Tian et al., 2012; Taibaishan: Liu et al., 2013; Liupanshan: Zheng et al., 2006; Jishishan and Lajishan: Lease et al., 2011. Basin formation and provenance changes: Wushan Basin: Wang et al., 2012b; Linxia Basin: Fang et al., 2003. Fault activation: Haiyuan fault: Wang et al., 2020. Magmatism: West Qinling Belt: Liu et al., 2018). (b) Schematic model of the NE Tibetan Plateau(Block rotation: England and Molnar, 1990; Dupont-Nivet et al., 2004; Block movement: Wang et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2019)