Citation: | CUI Junyan, LI Shengtao, YAO Yahui, LIU Donglin, LIU Weipeng, WANG Junzhao. 2023. Development of geothermal energy industry in Türkiye and its enlightenment to China[J]. Geology in China, 50(5): 1375-1386. doi: 10.12029/gc20221019002 |
This paper is the result of geothermal geological survey engineering.
Geothermal energy, as a kind of clean and efficient renewable energy, is gradually attracting the attention of all countries under the dual drive of energy shortage and climate change. The development of geothermal resources has become an important way to accelerate the adjustment of energy structure and achieve the goal of "double carbon". In recent years, Türkiye's geothermal energy industry has developed at a high speed. By 2021, the total installed capacity of geothermal power generation will be about 30 times that of China, and the direct utilization of geothermal energy will increase from 1177 MW in 2005 to 4000 MW in 2022, making these remarkable achievements. Türkiye and China are both located in the Mediterranean Himalayan geotropics, where geothermal resources are abundant. The development of Türkiye's geothermal energy industry is of great significance to China.
This paper uses the method of literature review to analyze the conditions of geothermal resources in Türkiye, study the development status of geothermal energy industry, and summarize the reasons for its rapid development. Combined with the conditions and development status of China's geothermal resources, and drawing on Türkiye's experience, this paper analyzes the main problems affecting China's geothermal development, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions.
The research shows that Türkiye's government has vigorously supported the development of geothermal energy industry since the 21st century. The reasons and main experiences of its rapid development include: (1) The government undertakes the preliminary exploration work, effectively reducing the development risk of enterprises; (2) Policy guidance and legislative subsidies can effectively improve the enthusiasm of development enterprises and reduce investment costs; (3) Financing support to provide financial guarantee for geothermal energy development; (4) International cooperation and technology guidance will effectively promote the efficient development and utilization of geothermal energy.
Drawing on the rapid development experience of Türkiye's geothermal energy industry and combining with China's actural conditions, the following suggestions are put forward: (1) Improve geothermal energy management mechanism and define the process of geothermal development and utilization; (2) Effectively improve the enthusiasm of enterprises development and reduce investment costs through policy guidance and subsidies; (3) Realize efficient development of geothermal industry through reasonable spatial planning; (4) Strengthen international exchanges and help technological progress; (5) Improve social awareness of geothermal energy.
AA. 2022. EBRD launches €500M financing facility to support green transition in Turkiye [EB/OL]. (2022-04-19) [2022-08-28]. |
Bertani R. 2005. World geothermal power generation in the period 2001-2005[J]. Geothermics, 34: 651-690. doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.09.005 |
Bertani R. 2016. Geothermal power generation in the world 2010-2014 update report[J]. Geothermics, 60: 31-43. doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.11.003 |
Bilgin O. 2018. The importance of geothermal energy resources in Turkey[J]. Open Access Library Journal, 5(2): 1-8. |
Chen Moxiang, Wang Jiyang, Deng Xiao. 1994. Geothermal Resources in China——Formation Characteristics and Potential Assessment[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1-38 (in Chinese). |
Chen Qinqiang. 2021. Domestic geothermal resource reserves, development and utilization and technical status[N]. China Petroleum News, 4(in Chinese). |
Dagistan H, Dogu N, Karadaglar M. 2010. Geothermal explorations and investigations by MTA in Turkey[C]//Poceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010. Bali, Indonesia, 2. |
Difiglio C, Güray B E, Merdan E, Aliabadi D E. 2020. Turkey Energy Outlook 2020. International Centre for Energy and Climate[M]. Sabanci: Sabanci University Publications, 452. |
Government of Turkey. 2007. Law on Geothermal Resources and Mineral Waters[OL]. Ankara: Government of Turkey. (2007-06-14) [2022-07-18]. |
He Zhiliang, Feng Jianyun, Zhang Ying, Li Pengwei. 2017. A tentative discussion on an evalution on system of geothermal unit ranking and classification in China[J]. Earth Science Frontier, 24(3): 168-179 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Huttrer G W. 2020. Geothermal power generation in the world 2015-2020 update report[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, 1. |
Jiang Guangzheng, Gao Peng, Rao Song, Zhang Linyou, Tang Xiaoyin, Huang Fang, Zhao Ping, Pang Zhonghe, He Lijuan, Hu Shengbiao, Wang Jiyang. 2016. Compilation of heat flow data in the continental area of China (4th edition) [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 59(8): 2892-2910 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Kaya T, Kindap A, Energy Z. 2009. Kizildere-new geothermal power plant in Turkey[C]//Presentation at International Geothermal Days Conference & Summer School. Slovakia, 1. |
Lewis J, Schneegans S, Straza T. 2021. UNESCO Science Report: The race against time for smarter development(Vol. 2021) [M]. UNESCO Publishing, 17-29. |
Liu H J, Wang H W, Gou Y, Li M T. 2018. Investigation on social acceptance of the geothermal energy utilization in China[J]. Transactions-Geothermal Resources Council, 42: 812-824. |
Ma Bing, Jia Lingxiao, Yu Yang, Wang Huan. 2021. The development and utilization of geothermal energy in the world[J]. Geology in China, 48(6): 1734-1747(in Chinese with English abstract). |
Melikoglu M. 2017. Geothermal energy in Turkey and around the World: A review of the literature and an analysis based on Turkey's Vision 2023 energy targets[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76: 485-492. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.082 |
MENR. 2021. Electricity[EB/OL]. (2021-09-19)[2022-09-23] |
Mertoglu O. 2005. Geothermal Applications in Turkey[C]//Proceedings world geothermal congress. Antalya, Turkey, 175-179. |
Mertoglu O, Canlan A, Bakir N, Dokuz I, Kaya T. 2000. Geothermal direct use applications in Turkey: Technology and economics[C]//Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, 1-3. |
Mertoglu O, Mertoglu M. 1993. Direct use of heating applications in Turkey[J]. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 17: 19-22. |
Mertoglu O, Simsek S, Basarir N. 2015. Geothermal country update report of Turkey (2010-2015)[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress. Melbourne, Australia. 19: 25. |
Mertoglu O, Simsek S, Basarir N. 2020. Geothermal energy use: projections and country update for Turkey[C]//Proceedings World Geothermal Congress. Reykjavik, Iceland, 1. |
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Department of New and Renewable Energy, National Energy Administration, Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy, Development Research Center of the State Council. 2018. China geothermal energy development report 2018[R]. Sinopec Press, 14 (in Chinese). |
Oliver P, Stadelmann M. 2015. Public Finance and Private Exploration in Geothermal: Gümüşköy Case Study Gumuskoy Turkey[R]. Turkey: [s. n], 3. |
UNEP. 2022. Renewables 2022 Global Status Report[R]. 108-120. |
Richter A. 2022. Think GeoEnergy's Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2021-installed power generation capacity(MWe)[OL]. (2022-01-10) [2022-8-15]. |
Sahiller H A, Öner R N, Halac?oğlu U. 2021. How did Turkey succeed in raising rublic awareness and environmental protection along with geothermal developments?[C]//Proceedings world geothermal congress, 1. |
Serpen U, DiPippo R. 2022. Turkey-A geothermal success story: A retrospective and prospective assessment[J]. Geothermics, 101: 102370. doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102370 |
Simsek S. 1985. Present status and future developments of the DenizliKizildere geothermal field of Turkey[C]//1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy International Volume, Hawaii USA, 203-210. |
Simsek S, Mertoglu O, Bakir N, Akkus I, Aydogdu O. 2005. Geothermal Energy Utilisation Development and Projections Country Update Report 2000-2004 of Turkey[M]. Turkey: Antalya, 371-381. |
Tian T S, Dong Y, Zhang W, Wei J W, Jin H L, Liu Y M. 2020. Rapid development of China's geothermal industry-China national report of the 2020 World Geothermal Conference[C]//Proceedings of the 2020 World Geothermal Congress. |
Tuik. 2022. The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2021. (2022-02-04)[2022-11-20]. |
Wang Guiling, Zhang Wei, Liang Jiyun, Lin Wenjing, Liu Zhiming, Wang Wanli. 2017. Evaluation of geothermal resource potential in China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 38(4): 449-450 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Wang Guiling, Lu Chuan. 2022. Progress of geothermal resources exploitation and utilization technology driven by neutralization target[J]. Geology and Resources, 31(3): 412-425 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Wang Jiyang, Kong Yanlong, Cheng Yuanzhi. 2019. Distribution, Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources in China[C]//International Clean Energy Forum (Macau). International Clean Energy Industry Development Report (2019). China Yanshi Publishing House, 9 (in Chinese with English abstract). |
Wen Dongguang, Zhang Eryong, Wang Guiling, Zhang Linyou, Wang huang, Zhang Senqi, Ye Chengming, Wang Wenshi, Jin Xianpeng, Liu Donglin, Jia Xiaofeng, Li Shengtao, Wu Haidong, Lian Sheng, Feng Qingda. 2023. Progress and prospect of hot dry rock exploration and development[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 50(4): 1-13(in Chinese with English abstract). |
Zhang E Y, Wen D G, Wang G L, Yan W D, Wang W S, Ye C M, Li X F, Wang H, Tang X C, Weng W, Li K, Zhang C Y, Liang M X, Luo H B, Hu H Y, Zhang W, Zhang S Q, Jin X P, Wu H D, Zhang L Y, Feng Q D, Xie J Y, Wang D, He Y C, Wang Y W, Chen Z B, Cheng Z P, Luo W F, Yang Y, Zhang H, Zha E L, Gong Y L, Zheng Y, Jiang C S, Zhang S S, Niu X, Zhang H, Hu L S, Zhu G L, Xu W H, Niu Z X, Li Y. 2022. The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province, China[J]. China Geology, 5(3): 372-382. doi: 10.31035/cg2022038 |
Zheng K Y. 2012. Geothermal power generation in China: Past and future[J]. GRC Trans, 36: 1133-1135. |
Zheng Keyan, Zheng Fan. 2020. Discussion on the prospect of China's geothermal power generation industry[J]. Chinese and Foreign Energy, 25(11): 17-23(in Chinese with English abstract). |
陈墨香, 汪集旸, 邓孝. 1994. 中国地热资源——形成特点和潜力评估[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1-38. |
陈钦强. 2021. 国内地热资源储量、开发利用情况及技术现状[N]. 中国石油报. 4. |
何治亮, 冯建赟, 张英, 李朋威. 2017. 试论中国地热单元分级分类评价体系[J]. 地学前缘, 24(3): 168-179. |
姜光政, 高堋, 饶松, 张林友, 唐晓音, 黄方, 赵平, 庞忠和, 何丽娟, 胡圣标, 汪集旸. 2016. 中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第四版)[J]. 地球物理学报, 59(8): 2892-2910. |
马冰, 贾凌霄, 于洋, 王欢. 2021. 世界地热能开发利用现状与展望[J]. 中国地质, 48(6): 1734-1747. |
王贵玲, 张薇, 梁继运, 蔺文静, 刘志明, 王婉丽. 2017. 中国地热资源潜力评价[J]. 地球学报, 38(4): 449-450. |
王贵玲, 陆川. 2022. 碳中和目标驱动下地热资源开采利用技术进展[J]. 地质与资源, 31(3): 412-425. |
汪集暘, 孔彦龙, 程远志. 2019. 中国地热资源分布与开发利用[C]//国际清洁能源论坛(澳门). 国际清洁能源产业发展报告(2019). 中国言实出版社, 72. |
文冬光, 张二勇, 王贵玲, 张林友, 王璜, 张森琦, 叶成明, 王稳石, 金显鹏, 刘东林, 贾小丰, 李胜涛, 吴海东, 连晟, 冯庆达. 2023. 干热岩勘查开发进展及展望[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 50(4): 1-13. |
郑克棪, 郑帆. 2020. 中国地热发电产业前景探讨[J]. 中外能源, 25(11): 17-23. |
自然资源部中国地质调查局, 国家能源局新能源和可再生能源司, 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所. 2018. 中国地热能发展报告2018[R]. 中国石化出版社, 14. |
Distribution of global high temperature geotropics (after He Zhiliang et al., 2017)
Population density and regional division of Türkiye(after Tuik, 2022)
Distribution of geothermal resources and the active faults of Türkiye (after Dagistan et al., 2010)
Installed capacity of geothermal power generation in Türkiye (after Bertani, 2005, 2016; Richter, 2022)
Geothermal MW added each year by type of plant (Serpen and DiPippo, 2022)