China Geological Survey Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesHost
科学出版社Publish
Advanced Search
Previous Article Next Article
2023 Vol. 50, No. 5
Article Contents
Article navigation > Geology in China > 2023 > 50(5): 1285-1298
Next Article Previous Article

PU Boling, WANG Fengqin, WANG Ke, SUN Jianbo, LI Yanxia, SHI Baohong, ZHAO Weiwei, GUO Xiaobo. 2023. The enrichment conditions and model of shale gas reservoir in the Chang 7 member of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation in Yan'an, Ordos Basin[J]. Geology in China, 50(5): 1285-1298. doi: 10.12029/gc20220313002
Citation: PU Boling, WANG Fengqin, WANG Ke, SUN Jianbo, LI Yanxia, SHI Baohong, ZHAO Weiwei, GUO Xiaobo. 2023. The enrichment conditions and model of shale gas reservoir in the Chang 7 member of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation in Yan'an, Ordos Basin[J]. Geology in China, 50(5): 1285-1298. doi: 10.12029/gc20220313002
shu

The enrichment conditions and model of shale gas reservoir in the Chang 7 member of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation in Yan'an, Ordos Basin

  • 1.

    School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China

  • 2.

    Shanxi Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Geology, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi, China

  • 3.

    Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd, Xi'an 710075, Shaanxi, China

    • Fund Project: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42102178) and National Science & Technology Major Project (No.2017ZX05039001)
More Information
  • Author Bio: PU Boling, female, born in 1981, associate professor, mainly engaged in shale gas enrichment geological conditions; E-mail: sd_yujiao@sina.com
Received Date:  13 March 2022
Revised Date:  20 August 2022
Publish Date:  25 October 2023
    Abstract

  • This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.

     Objective

    The Chang 7 shale of Mesozoic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin is characterized by rapid changes of lithologies and lithofacies, thick, high abundance but low maturity of organic matter, high clay content and low-normal strata pressure. The study on shale gas enrichment conditions and development model of the Chang 7 shale is beneficial to explore the geological theory suitable for the exploration and development of Chang 7 shale gas, in order to provide guidance for the next exploration work in the region and further improve the geological theory of continental shale gas.

     Methods

    Based on drilling, core analysis, and test data, the accumulation and enrichment conditions of the Chang 7 shale gas were systematically studied from the aspects of hydrocarbon generation conditions, reservoir conditions and preservation conditions, and the enrichment and development model of shale gas was established.

     Results

    The results show that: (1) Chang 7 shale in the study area has high organic matter abundance, TOC is basically greater than 1.5%, and is in the oil and gas generation window, Ro is basically between 0.8% and 1.3%, and has the geological conditions of shale gas generation; (2) The clay mineral content is high, basically 40%-60%, which is beneficial to shale gas adsorption and has a certain adsorbed gas production; (3) The relatively stable tectonic background is an important condition for the preservation of shale gas; (4) The enrichment model of shale gas can be divided into two types: interbedded shale and sandy lamina type, and thick organic-rich shale type. The sandy lamina effectively improves the physical properties of shale reservoirs. The thick organic-rich shale deposited continuously is an important form of gas preservation.

     Results

    Based on the dissection of the enrichment characteristics of Chang 7 shale gas, the enrichment law of Chang 7 shale gas is summarized as "two large and one many": large gas generation potential, large continuous thickness and many sandy laminas.
    • FullText(HTML)
  • 加载中
    • References
  • Chalmers G R L, Bustin R M. 2007. The organic matter distribution and methane capacity of the Lower Cretaceous strata of northeastern British Columbia[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 70: 223-239. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2006.05.001

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Cheng Ming, Luo Xiaorong, Lei Yuhong, Wang Xiangzeng, Yu Yuxi, Zang Lixia, Jiang Chengfu, Sun Binghua, Zhang Likuan. 2015. The distribution, fractal characteristic and thickness estimation of silty laminae and beds in the Zhangjiatan shale, Ordos Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 26(5): 845-854 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Curtis M E, Sondergeld C H, Ambrose R J. 2012. Microstructural investigation of gas shales in two and three dimensions using nanometer-scale resolution imaging [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 96(4): 665-677. doi: 10.1306/08151110188

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Curtis M Erman, Ambrose R J, Sondergeld C H. 2011. Investigation of the relationship between organic porosity and thermal maturity in the Marcellus Shale[R]. SPE 144370.

    Google Scholar

    Fan Bojiang, Wang Xiangzeng, Wu Xiaobin. 2017. Desorption analysis of shale and its geochemical characteristics: A case study of the Chang 7 member shale in the central south Ordos basin[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 46(3): 554-562, 577 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Fishman N S, Lowers H A, Hackley P C, Hill R J, Egenhoff S O. 2012. Porosity in shales of the organic-rich Kimmeridge clay formation(Upper Jurassic), offshore United Kingdom[R]. Long Beach, California: AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition.

    Google Scholar

    Guo Tonglou, Zhang Hanrong. 2014. Formation and enrichment mode of Jiaoshiba shale gas field, Sichuan Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(1): 28-36(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Guo Xusheng, Hu Dongfeng, Wen Zhidong, Liu Ruobing. 2014. Major factors controlling the accumulation and high productivity in marine shale gas in the Lower Paleozoic of Sichuan Basin and its periphery: A case study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation of Jiaoshiba area[J]. Geology in China, 41(3): 893-901(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2014.03.016

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    He Zhiliang, Nie Haikuan, Zhang Yuying. 2016. The main factors of shale gas enrichment of Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(2): 8-17(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Jiang Chengfu, Cheng Yuqun, Fan Bojiang, Gao Shengli. 2014. Progress in and challenges to geologic research of terrestrial shale in China: A case study from the 7th member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Fm in the Yanchang exploration block, Ordos Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 34(2): 27-33(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2014.02.004

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Jin Zhijun, Hu Zongquan, Gao Bo, Zhao Jianhua. 2016. Controlling factors on the enrichment and high productivity of shale gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations, southeastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(1): 1-10(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Lei Yuhong, Luo Xiaorong, Wang Xiangzeng, Zhang Lixia, Jiang Chengfu, Yang Wan, Yu Yuxi, Cheng Ming, Zhang Likuan. 2015. Characteristics of silty laminae in Zhangjiatan Shale of southeastern Ordos Basin, China: Implications for shale gas formationc[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 99 (4): 661-687. doi: 10.1306/09301414059

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Li Qianwen, Pang Xiongqi, Tang Ling, Chen Gang, Shao Xinhe, Jia Nan. 2018. Occurrence features and gas content analysis of marine and continental shales: A comparative study of Longmaxi Formation and Yanchang Formation[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 56: 504-522. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2018.06.019

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Li Yanjun, Liu Huan, Liu Jiaxia, Cao Lichun, Jia Xuecheng. 2011. Geological regional selection and an evaluation method of resource potential of shale gas[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University, 33(2): 28-34. doi: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.02.004

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Loucks R G, Reed R M, Ruppel S C, Jarvie D M. 2009. Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the mississippian barnett shale[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 79: 848-861. doi: 10.2110/jsr.2009.092

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Lu Longfei, Qin Jianzhong, Shen Baojian, Tenger, Liu Weixin, Zhang Qingzhen. 2018. The origin of biogenic silica in siliceous shale from Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Middle and Upper Yangtze region and its relationship with shale gas enrichment[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 25(4): 226-236(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Ma Yongsheng, Cai Xunyu, Zhao Peirong. 2018. China's shale gas exploration and development: Understanding and practice[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(4): 561-574(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Modica C J, Lapierre S G. 2012. Estimation of kerogen porosity in source rocks as a function of thermal transformation: Example from the Mowry Shale in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 96(1): 87-108. doi: 10.1306/04111110201

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Orozco D, Aguilera R. 2015. A material balance equation for stress-sensitive shale gas reservoirs considering the contribution of free, adsorbed and dissolved gas[C]//SPE/CSUR Unconventional Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

    Google Scholar

    Pan Renfang, Gong Qin, Yan Jie, Jin Jineng. 2016. Elements and gas enrichment laws of sweet spots in shale gas reservoir: A case study of the Longmaxi Fm in Changning Block, Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 36(2): 7-13(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Pollastro R M. 2007. Total petroleum system assessment of undiscovered resources in the giant Barnett Shale continuous(unconventional) gas accumulation, Fort Worth Basin, Texas[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 91(4): 551-578. doi: 10.1306/06200606007

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Pu Boling, Wang Fengqin, Dong Dazhong, Sun Jianbo. 2021. Challenges of terrestrial shale gas exploration & development from Chang 7 shale in the Ordos Basin[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14: 644. doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-06914-w

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Ross D J K, Bustin R M. 2008. Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of Devonian Mississippian strata in the Western Canada sedimentary basin: Application of an integrated formation evaluation[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 92(1): 87-125. doi: 10.1306/09040707048

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Schieber J. 2010. Common themes in the formation and preservation of intrinsic porosity in shales and mudstones-illustrated with examples across the Phanerozoic[C]//Proceedings of SPE Unconventional Gas Conference. Allen, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineerings, SPE 132370.

    Google Scholar

    Wang Pengfei, Lü Peng, Jiang Zhenxue, Jin Can, Li Xin, Zhang Kun, Huang Pu, Wang Yi. 2018. Comparison of organic matter pores of marine and continental facies shale in China: based on Focused Ion Beam Helium Ion Microscopy(FIB-HIM) [J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 40(5): 739-748(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Wang Shejiao, Yang Tao, Zhang Guosheng, Li Denghua, Chen Xiaoming. 2012. Shale gas enrichment factors and the selection and evaluation of the core area[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 14(6): 94-100 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-1742.2012.06.013

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Wang Xiangzeng. 2016. Advances in unconventional gas exploration and development of Yanchang Petroleum Group[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 37(1): 137-144 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Wang Xiangzeng, Gao Chao. 2014. The hydrocarbon generation process of the Mesozoic Chang 7 lacustrine shale in south of Ordos Basin[J]. Unconventional Oil & Gas, 1(1): 2-10 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Wang Xiangzeng, Gao Shengli, Gao Chao. 2014. Geological features of Mesozoic continental shale gas in south of Ordos Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 41(3): 294-304(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(14)60035-5

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Wang Xiangzeng, Hao Jin, Jiang Zhenxue, Guo Chao, Xing Jinyan, Li Zhuo, Tang Xianglu. 2015. Influencing factors and distributions of the oil dissolved shale gas content of member Chang 7 shale in Xiasiwan Area, Ordos Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 26(4): 744-753 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Wang Xiangzeng, Ren Laiyi. 2016. Advances in theory and practice of hydrocarbon exploration in Yanchang exploration area, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 37(1): 79-86(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Wang Yongwei, Gao Shengli, Gao Chao. 2014. Continental shale gas exploration and discussion on Issues related to geological theory in Yanchang exploration area, Ordos Basin[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 33(6): 88-98 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Wu Songtao, Zhu Rukai, Cui Jinggang, Cui Jingwei, Bai Bin, Zhang Xiangxiang, Jin Xu, Zhu Desheng, You Jianchang. 2015. Characteristics of lacustrine shale porosity evolution, Triassic Chang 7 Member, Ordos Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 42(2): 167-176(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(15)30003-3

    CrossRef Google Scholar

    Xie Jun, Zhao Shengxian, Shi Xuewen, Zhang Jian. 2017. Main geological factors controlling high production of horizontal shale gas wells in the Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 37(7): 1-12(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Yuan Wei, Liu Guangdi, Xu Liming, Niu Xiaobing. 2019. Main controlling factors for organic matter enrichment in Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 40(2): 326-334(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zeng Weite, Zhang Jinchuan, Ding Wenlong, Wang Xiangzeng, Zhu Dingwei, Liu Zhujiang. 2014. The gas content of continental Yanchang shale and its main controlling factors: A case study of Liuping-171 well in Ordos basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 25(2): 291-301 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhai Gangyi, Wang Yufang, Bao Shujing, Guo Tianxu, Zhou Zhi, Chen Xianglin, Wang Jinzhu. 2017. Major factors controlling the accumulation and high productivity of marine shale gas and prospect forecast in Southern China[J]. Earth Science, 42(7): 1057-1068(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhang Jian, Wang Lansheng, Yang Yueming, Wan Maoxia, Zhou Chunyan, Deng Hongbin, Kong Lingming. 2016. The development and application of the evaluation method of marine shale gas in Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 27(3): 433-441(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhang Jinchuan, Liu Shugen, Wei Xiaoliang, Tang Xuan, Liu Yang. 2021. Evaluation of gas content in shale[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 42(1): 28-40(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhang Wenzheng, Yang Hua, Yang Weiwei, Wu Kai, Liu Fei. 2015. Assessment of geological characteristics of lacustrine shale oil reservoir in Chang 7 Member of Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Geochimica, 44(5): 505-515(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhao Xiangyuan, Zeng Lianbo, Zu Kewei, Hu Xiangyang, Jiao Jun, Zhu Lifeng, Shi Jinxiong. 2016. Brittleness characteristics and its control on natural fractures in tight reservoirs: A case study from Chang 7 tight reservoir in Longdong area of the Ordos Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 37(1): 62-71(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    Zhu Tong, Wang Feng, Yu lingjie, Sun Runxuan. 2016. Controlling factors and types of shale gas enrichment in the Sichuan Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 37(3): 399-407(in Chinese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar

    程明, 罗晓容, 雷裕红, 王香增, 俞雨溪, 张丽霞, 姜呈馥, 孙兵华, 张立宽. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地张家滩页岩粉砂质夹层/纹层分布、分形特征和估算方法研究[J]. 天然气地球科学, 26(5): 845-854.

    Google Scholar

    范柏江, 王香增, 吴小斌. 2017. 页岩的气体解析特征及地球化学认识——以鄂尔多斯盆地中南部长7段页岩为例[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 46(3): 554-562, 577.

    Google Scholar

    郭彤楼, 张汉荣. 2014. 四川盆地焦石坝页岩气田形成与富集高产模式[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 41(1): 28-36.

    Google Scholar

    郭旭升, 胡东风, 文治东, 刘若冰. 2014. 四川盆地及周缘下古生界海相页岩气富集高产主控因素: 以焦石坝地区五峰组-龙马溪组为例[J]. 中国地质, 41(3): 893-901.

    Google Scholar

    何治亮, 聂海宽, 张钰莹. 2016. 四川盆地及其周缘奥陶系五峰组-志留系龙马溪组页岩气富集主控因素分析[J]. 地学前缘, 23(2): 8-17

    Google Scholar

    姜呈馥, 程玉群, 范柏江, 高胜利. 2014. 陆相页岩气的地质研究进展及亟待解决的问题——以延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段页岩为例[J]. 天然气工业, 34(2): 27-33.

    Google Scholar

    金之钧, 胡宗全, 高波, 赵建华. 2016. 川东南地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气富集与高产控制因素[J]. 地学前缘, 23(1): 1-10.

    Google Scholar

    李延钧, 刘欢, 刘家霞, 曹利春, 贾学成. 2011. 页岩气地质选区及资源潜力评价方法[J]. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 33(2): 28-34.

    Google Scholar

    卢龙飞, 秦建中, 申宝剑, 腾格尔, 刘伟新, 张庆珍. 2018. 中上扬子地区五峰组-龙马溪组硅质页岩的生物成因证据及其与页岩气富集的关系[J]. 地学前缘, 25(4): 226-236.

    Google Scholar

    马永生, 蔡勋育, 赵培荣. 2018. 国页岩气勘探开发理论认识与实践[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 45(4): 561-574.

    Google Scholar

    潘仁芳, 龚琴, 鄢杰, 金吉能. 2016. 页岩气藏"甜点" 构成要素及富气特征分析——以四川盆地长宁地区龙马溪组为例[J]. 天然气工业, 36(2): 7-13

    Google Scholar

    王朋飞, 吕鹏, 姜振学, 金璨, 李鑫, 张昆, 黄璞, 王毅. 2018. 中国海陆相页岩有机质孔隙发育特征对比——基于聚焦离子束氦离子显微镜(FIB-HIM)技术[J]. 石油实验地质, 40(5): 739-748.

    Google Scholar

    王社教, 杨涛, 张国生, 李登华, 陈晓明. 2012. 页岩气主要富集因素与核心区选择及评价[J]. 中国工程科学, 14(6): 94-100.

    Google Scholar

    王香增. 2016. 延长石油集团非常规天然气勘探开发进展[J]. 石油学报, 37(1): 137-144.

    Google Scholar

    王香增, 高潮. 2014. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7陆相泥页岩生烃过程研究[J]. 非常规油气, 1(1): 2-10.

    Google Scholar

    王香增, 高胜利, 高潮. 2014. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部中生界陆相页岩气地质特征[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 41(3): 294-304.

    Google Scholar

    王香增, 郝进, 姜振学, 郭超, 邢金艳, 李卓, 唐相路. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地下寺湾地区长7段油溶相页岩气量影响因素及其分布特征[J]. 天然气地球科学, 26(4): 744-753.

    Google Scholar

    王香增, 任来义. 2016. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区油气勘探理论与实践进展[J]. 石油学报, 37(增刊1): 79-86.

    Google Scholar

    王永炜, 高胜利, 高潮. 2014. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区陆相页岩气勘探[J]. 地质科技情报, 33(6): 88-98.

    Google Scholar

    吴松涛, 朱如凯, 崔京钢, 崔景伟, 白斌, 张响响, 金旭, 朱德升, 游建昌. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地长7湖相泥页岩孔隙演化特征[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 42(2): 167-176.

    Google Scholar

    谢军, 赵圣贤, 石学文, 张鉴. 2017. 四川盆地页岩气水平井高产的地质主控因素[J]. 天然气工业, 37(7): 1-12.

    Google Scholar

    袁伟, 柳广弟, 徐黎明, 牛小兵. 2019. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段有机质富集主控因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 40(2): 326-334.

    Google Scholar

    曾维特, 张金川, 丁文龙, 王香增, 朱定伟, 刘珠江. 2014. 延长组陆相页岩含气量及其主控因素——以鄂尔多斯盆地柳坪171井为例[J]. 天然气地球科学, 25(2): 291-301.

    Google Scholar

    翟刚毅, 王玉芳, 包书景, 郭天旭, 周志, 陈相霖, 王劲铸. 2017. 我国南方海相页岩气富集高产主控因素及前景预测[J]. 地球科学, 42(7): 1057-1068

    Google Scholar

    张鉴, 王兰生, 杨跃明, 万茂霞, 邹春艳, 邓鸿斌, 孔令明. 2016. 四川盆地海相页岩气选区评价方法建立及应用[J]. 天然气地球科学, 27(3): 433-441.

    Google Scholar

    张金川, 刘树根, 魏晓亮, 唐玄, 刘飏. 2021. 页岩含气量评价方法[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 42(1): 28-40.

    Google Scholar

    张文正, 杨华, 杨伟伟, 吴凯, 刘飞. 2015. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7湖相页岩油地质特征评价[J]. 地球化学, 44(5): 505-515.

    Google Scholar

    赵向原, 曾联波, 祖克威, 胡向阳, 焦军, 朱利锋, 史今雄. 2016. 致密储层脆性特征及对天然裂缝的控制作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7致密储层为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 37(1): 62-71.

    Google Scholar

    朱彤, 王烽, 俞凌杰, 孙润轩. 2016. 四川盆地页岩气富集控制因素及类型[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 37(3): 399-407.

    Google Scholar

    • Relative Articles
  • Cited by
  • Supplements
    • Proportional views
  • 加载中
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Figures(11)

Tables(1)

Export Citation
PDF
XML

Article Metrics

Article views(1401) PDF downloads(174) Cited by(0)

Access History

Other Articles By Authors

Catalog

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    版权所有：中国地质调查局发展研究中心 copyright @2020