| China Geological Survey Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences | Host |
| 科学出版社 | Publish |
| Citation: |
QIN Xuwen, LU Cheng, WANG Pingkang, LIANG Qianyong. 2022. Hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism during natural gas hydrate production tests in the South China Sea: A review and prospect[J]. Geology in China, 49(3): 749-769. doi: 10.12029/gc20220306
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Hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism during natural gas hydrate production tests in the South China Sea: A review and prospect
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Abstract
This paper is the result of marine hydrates exploration engineering.
Objective The China Geological Survey successfully carried out two NGH production tests in the Shenhu area in the northern South China Sea (SCS) in 2017 and 2020, setting multiple world records, such as the longest gas production time, the highest total gas production, and the highest average daily gas production. Understanding and mastering the phase transition and seepage mechanism of natural gas hydrate reservoir exploitation in the SCS will help to further reveal the decomposition mechanism, production law, and production increase mechanism of this type of hydrate, and provide a theoretical basis for large- scale and efficient exploitation of hydrate resources in China sea.
Methods As suggested by the in-depth research on the two production tests, key factors that restrict the gas production efficiency of hydrate dissociation include reservoir structure characterization, hydrate phase transition, multiphase seepage and permeability enhancement, and the simulation and regulation of production capacity, among which the hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism are crucial.
Results Study results reveal that the hydrate phase transition in the SCS is characterized by low dissociation temperature, is prone to produce secondary hydrates in the reservoirs, and is a complex process under the combined effects of the seepage, stress, temperature, and chemical fields. The multiphase seepage is controlled by multiple factors such as the physical properties of unconsolidated reservoirs, the hydrate phase transition, and exploitation methods and is characterized by strong methane adsorption, abrupt changes in absolute permeability, and the weak flow capacity of gas. To ensure the long-term, stable, and efficient NGHs exploitation in the SCS, it is necessary to further enhance the reservoir seepage capacity and increase gas production through secondary reservoir stimulation based on initial reservoir stimulation.
Conclusions With the constant progress in the NGHs industrialization, great efforts should be made to tackle the difficulties, such as determining the micro-change in temperature and pressure, the response mechanisms of material-energy exchange, the methods for efficient NGH dissociation, and the boundary conditions for the formation of secondary hydrates in the large-scale, long-term gas production.
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QIN Xuwen, LU Cheng, WANG Pingkang, LIANG Qianyong. 2022. Hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism during natural gas hydrate production tests in the South China Sea: A review and prospect[J]. Geology in China, 49(3): 749-769. doi: 10.12029/gc20220306
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Figure 1.
Geological map of the study area
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Figure 2.
Typical mineral surfaces of reservoir samples
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Figure 3.
Comparison of mineral(a)and clay(b)contents of three samples in the Shenhu area of SCS
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Figure 4.
Distribution of pore sizes and pore types based on (a) N2-adsorption and (b) NMR(Li et al., 2022)
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Figure 5.
Original grayscale images (a) and binarized images (b, 5123 pixels) and the pressure field (Pa) distributed along y direction in the permeability simulation of six hydrate samples (c) (Bian et al., 2020).
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Figure 6.
Schematic diagram of porosity and permeability fitting of six hydrate samples (a); Fitted curve of succolarity and permeability for six hydrate samples along different positive directions (b) (Bian et al., 2020)
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Figure 7.
Configurations of pectin at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20 ns. Blue represents water molecules, blue dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds, green represents methane, and red represents pectin (Qi et al., 2021)
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Figure 8.
NGHs dissociation conditions in bulk water (a) and in sediments (b) with different salinities(Geng et al., 2021)
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Figure 9.
The plots of reciprocal temperature (1/T) vs. the natural logarithm of dissociation pressure (lnP) for experimental NGH in (a) the bulk water and (b) marine sediments. The solid lines indicate the reliability and accuracy of the experimental procedure and data points (Geng et al., 2021)
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Figure 10.
Relationships between hydrate saturation and permeability/initial permeability calculated using various models
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Figure 11.
Distribution of reservoir pressure and equilibrium pressure of hydrates over time when the dissociation front is (a) 3 m, (b) 5 m, (c) 8 m away from the production well, as well as distribution of reservoir temperature and pressure in the hydrate dissociation zone
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Figure 12.
Production curves of gas production rate (a) and secondary hydrate formation (b) under different pressure differences
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Figure 13.
Methane adsorption characteristics of clayey silt
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Figure 14.
Simulation results of samples (a) KT4-16 (dry condition), (b) KT4-17 (dry condition), (c) KT4-18 (dry condition), and (d) KT4-16 (moist condition) using the modified Langmuir and DR models (Qi et al., 2022)
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Figure 15.
Relationship between microscopic pore structure and pressure change of clayey silt reservoir
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Figure 16.
Relative permeability curves of other gas reservoirs (Lu et al., 2021)
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Figure 17.
Fracture characteristics of samples 1-3 after hydraulic fracturing by CT (Lu et al., 2021)
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Figure 18.
Interface of Hydrate Smart platform (Sun et al., 2021)
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Figure 19.
Relationship between the production dynamic characteristics and the variation of formation temperature and pressure of the first offshore NGHs production test