| China Geological Survey Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences | Host |
| 科学出版社 | Publish |
| Citation: |
WANG Dongsheng, ZHANG Jinchuan, LI Zhen, TONG Zhongzheng, NIU Jialiang, DING Wang, ZHANG Cong. 2022. Formation mechanism of framboidal pyrite and its theory inversion of paleo-redox conditions[J]. Geology in China, 49(1): 36-50. doi: 10.12029/gc20220103
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Formation mechanism of framboidal pyrite and its theory inversion of paleo-redox conditions
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Abstract
This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective Framboidal pyrite are widespread in modern sediments and sedimentary rocks, widely considered organic or inorganic genesis. Although both formation mechanisms have theoretical and experimental support, a formation mechanism with general significance has not yet been established well.
Methods This paper systematically and comprehensively studies the formation mechanism of framboidal pyrite, the application of redox conditions, and the influence of later environmental changes.
Results The size and texture of pyrite framboids and the sulfur isotopes between framboids have fluctuated with the oxygen level. Therefore, framboidal pyrite is used as a reconstruct paleoenvironment proxy commonly. Although the microcrystallines of framboidal pyrite are correlated to the particle size positively, their (Morphological evolution sequence), growth patterns, (aggregation factors), as well as the relationship with paleo-redox are still poorly understood. The redox condition inverse from particle sizes of pyrite framboids and chromium reduction-determined sulfur isotope has certain limitations. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of redox indicators is expected, which requiring further studies on links between in-situ sulfur isotope and particle sizes of framboidal pyrite. Although the framboidal surface chemistry can be modified as changes in late oxidation conditions, the size distribution of framboidal pyrite is still meaningful as a redox indicator.
Conclusions In brief, experimental simulations, theoretical systems, and interdisciplinary studies on framboidal pyrite are still challenging and require further research.
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References
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WANG Dongsheng, ZHANG Jinchuan, LI Zhen, TONG Zhongzheng, NIU Jialiang, DING Wang, ZHANG Cong. 2022. Formation mechanism of framboidal pyrite and its theory inversion of paleo-redox conditions[J]. Geology in China, 49(1): 36-50. doi: 10.12029/gc20220103
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Figure 1.
The shape and microcrystalline structure of framboidal pyrite under the scanning electron microscope(after Ohfuji et al., 2005)
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Figure 2.
Framboidal pyrite organic origin-"A hollow compartment"model (modified from MacLean et al., 2008)
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Figure 3.
Wilkin and Barnes, sketch showing the forming process of framboidal pyrite (after Wilkin et al., 1996; Yang Xueying et al., 2011)
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Figure 4.
Logarithm of time verse framboid size for limiting conditions for water column and sediment at 25℃ and 0.1 MPa (after Rickard, 2019)
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Figure 5.
The size distribution characteristics of framboidal pyrite formed in different sedimentary environments, stages and systems, and the model of formation in two environments
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Figure 6.
The size distribution and significant overlapping distribution of framboidal pyrite in euxinic conditions and oxic-dysoxic conditions (data from Wilkin et al., 1996 and Rickard, 2019)
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Figure 7.
Plot of the mean vs. the standard deviation of the framboid size distributions (a), plot of the mean vs. the skewness of the framboid size distributions (b) (after Wilkin et al., 1996; Chang et al., 2009)
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Figure 8.
Textural evolution of framboidal pyrite (after Merinero et al., 2008)
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Figure 9.
Relationships between framboid diameters (D) and microcrystal diameters (d) in Black Sea (a) sediments (30 cm) and Great Salt Marsh (b) sediments (27 cm)(after Wilkin et al., 1996)
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Figure 10.
Microcrystal and framboid size distribution plots of four samples (after Wilkin et al., 1996)
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Figure 11.
A schematic illustration of the changes of pyrite morphology and growth mechanism with the degree of supersaturation at room temperature (after Wang and Morse, 1996)
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Figure 12.
A generalized scheme showing how repeated sulfide oxidation to S0 followed by disproportionation (after Canfield and Thamdrup, 1994)
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Figure 13.
The relationships between the size and sulfur isotope of framboidal pyrite
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Figure 14.
Three evolutionary modelss for the formation of euhedral pyrite via framboids (after Sawlowicz, 1993)
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Figure 15.
Modification of framboidal pyrite structure by secondary growths (after Wacey et al., 2015)