Correlation between available Cd in the typical contaminated farmland soil and Cd in rice seeds and its health risk in Jiangsu province

CUI Xiaodan; LIAO Qilin; REN Jinghua; FAN Jian; LIU Weijing; XU Hongting; ZHOU Qiang; HUANG Shunsheng; WANG Ziyi; ZHU Baiwan

doi:10.12029/gc20211125001

2024 Vol. 51, No. 6

Article Contents

Article navigation > Geology in China > 2024 > 51(6): 2090-2102

Next Article Previous Article

CUI Xiaodan, LIAO Qilin, REN Jinghua, FAN Jian, LIU Weijing, XU Hongting, ZHOU Qiang, HUANG Shunsheng, WANG Ziyi, ZHU Baiwan. 2024. Correlation between available Cd in the typical contaminated farmland soil and Cd in rice seeds and its health risk in Jiangsu province[J]. Geology in China, 51(6): 2090-2102. doi: 10.12029/gc20211125001

Citation:

CUI Xiaodan, LIAO Qilin, REN Jinghua, FAN Jian, LIU Weijing, XU Hongting, ZHOU Qiang, HUANG Shunsheng, WANG Ziyi, ZHU Baiwan. 2024. Correlation between available Cd in the typical contaminated farmland soil and Cd in rice seeds and its health risk in Jiangsu province[J]. Geology in China, 51(6): 2090-2102. doi: 10.12029/gc20211125001

Correlation between available Cd in the typical contaminated farmland soil and Cd in rice seeds and its health risk in Jiangsu province

1.
Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (Arable), Ministry of Natural Resources, Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, Jiangsu, China

Fund Project: Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK20171496) and National Key Research and Development Program (No.2018YFD0800201) and the Natural Resources Development Special Fund (Marine Science and Technology Innovation) Program of Jiangsu Province (No.JSZRHYKJ202117).

More Information

Author Bio: CUI Xiaodan, female, born 1990, engineer, mainly engaged in the study of environmental geochemistry and soil science; E-mail: panzhu24677@163.com
Corresponding author: LIAO Qilin, male, born in 1964, professor lever senior engineer, mainly engaged in the study of environmental geochemistry; E-mail: 1043034588@qq.com.

Received Date: 25 November 2021

Revised Date: 20 March 2023

Publish Date: 25 November 2024

Abstract

Abstract

This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective
This paper is aim to prove the health risk from the Cd pollution in typical cultivated soils in Jiangsu province, and understand the main geochemical factors to control rice seeds uptake of Cd in soil, and provide scientific evidences to cure Cd pollution.
Methods
1330 sets of rice−soil samples were systematically collected in the studied areas, and Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Se, Sb, TOC (Total Organic Carbon), pH, and CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) in soil and Cd in rice seeds were determined by advanced testing methods such as ICP–MS, etc, the available Cd in soil was determined by calcium chloride extraction, and mastering the actual distribution data related to rice seeds Cd contents and elemental concentrations in soil. By the means of calculating their geochemical parameters and comparing its difference, developing correlation analysis and R−type cluster analysis, etc., and exploring main geochemical controlling factors to impact rice seeds uptake of Cd in soil, evaluating healthy risk in the local Cd polluted farmland.
Results
The available Cd concentrations are 0.0018−1.44 mg/kg, their mean value is 0.265 mg/kg, and the Cd concentrations are 0.13−30.0 mg/kg with an average amount of 2.11 mg/kg in soil, and the rice seeds Cd contents are 0.0053−2.58 mg/kg with the mean amount of 0.478 mg/kg in the studied areas. The available Cd in soil is the most important factor to control the rice seeds uptake of Cd, and the local Cd pollutants have spread to the food chain and human hairs in the farmland.
Conclusions
(1) There are significant positive correlations between rice seeds Cd contents and the available Cd in soil, and its correlated coefficient (r) is 0.54 without deleting anyone in the 1330 sets samples, if pH values being from 6.5 to 7.5 in soil, the positive correlated relationship between rice seeds Cd contents and the available Cd in soil is best with correlated coefficient maximum value of r=0.86. In addition to the available Cd, the following geochemical factors as to Cd, TOC, CEC, and pH of soil are also important to control rice seeds uptake of Cd, and there exist some significant or more significant positive correlation between rice seeds Cd contents and Cd concentrations too, and similar significant or more significant negative correlation between rice seeds Cd contents and pH, TOC and CEC in soil. In general, the factors order to impact rice seeds Cd absorption is the available Cd>Cd>pH>TOC≈CEC in soil; (2) As to pollution−free Cd farmland, the Cd carcinogenic health risk index (simplified CR value) increased by more than 85 times, the average amount of Cd concentration in the human hair samples increased by 1.09 times because of eating rice seeds with Cd over standard, and the Cd concentration of the soil solution was significantly increased higher in the farmland distributive area contaminated by Cd. Meanwhile, the rice seeds Cd contents and its relative health risk evaluation are more dependent on the soil effective Cd in those areas contaminated by Cd, it means that there are higher health risks or ecological security risks in those local farmland Cd pollution areas; (3) There are too significant correlation or obvious antagonism in soil between the available Cd and other geochemical factors such as Cd, pH, TOC, CEC and Se, and so on, which comprehensively regulate the Cd absorption of rice seeds , but the available Cd in soil is the most main one; (4) The Cd pollution is generally slight, and its healthy risk level is mainly mild from the cultivated land in Jiangsu province, if we can take appropriate restoration and treatment measures (for example deep tillage, etc.) in order to reduce the Cd, especially effective Cd content in soil, reasonably increase soil organic matter, improve soil pH, etc., block the migration of soil Cd to food chain and human bodies, the Cd polluted risk will completely be controlled, and produce qualified rice seeds to meet the social needs at last.
- contaminated farmland /
- available Cd in soil /
- Cd in rice seeds /
- correlation /
- health risk /
- Jiangsu /
- environmental geological survey engineering

FullText(HTML)

References

[1]	Bao Liran, Deng Hai, Jia Zhongmin, Li Yu, Dong Jinxiu, Yan Mingshu, Zhang Fenglei. 2020. Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil in northwest Xiushan, Chongqing[J]. Geology in China, 47(6): 1625−1636 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[2]	Cao Sheng, Zhou Weijun, Luo Siying, Zhou Yuzhou, Tan Jie, Duan Quntao. 2017. Effect of pH adjustor on available cadmium in paddy soils[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 33(30): 97−102 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[3]	E Qian, Zhao Yujie, Liu Xiaowei, Li Zhitao, Zhang Chuangchuang, Sun Yang, Zhou Qiwen, Liang Xuefeng, Wang Haihua. 2020. Screening and evaluation of soil cadmium extraction methods for predicting cadmium accumulation in rice[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 39(5): 1000−1009 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[4]	Filipović L, Romic M, Romic D, Filipović V, Ondrašek G. 2018. Organic matter and salinity modify cadmium soil (phyto) availability[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147: 824−831. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.041 CrossRef Google Scholar
[5]	He Junqiang, Liu Daihuan, Deng Lin, Chang Haiwei, Qin Hua, Yin Zhiyao. 2017. Bioavailability and exposure assessment of cadmium in farmland soil: A review[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 12(6): 69−82 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[6]	Hou Lin, Lin Jinlan, Jia Yanlong, Xing Dan, Sun Jialong, Ning Zengping, Jiang Nan, Liu Xiaolong, Li Tingting, Wang Zonghu, Xie Ran. 2019. Soil Cd bioavailability and its control measures: A review[J]. Advances in Geosciences, 9(9): 823−838 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.12677/AG.2019.99088 CrossRef Google Scholar
[7]	Hu Y N, Cheng H F, Tao S. 2016. The challenges and solutions for cadmium–contaminated rice in China: A critical review[J]. Environment International, 92/93: 515−532. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.042 CrossRef Google Scholar
[8]	Huang Jieying, Wu Xiuyuan, Tong Yingying, Cao Seng, Gao Yue, Yang Huiyan. 2020. Effects of returning wheat straw on available cadmium and subcellular distribution of cadmium in rice[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 39(7): 1503−1511 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[9]	Huang Yongchun, Zhang Changbo, Ren Xinghua, Wang Peipei, Wang Changrong, Liu Zhongqi. 2020. Effects of cadmium content in soil and stem base on the risk of cadmium contamination in rice[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 39(5): 989−999 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[10]	Huang Yu, Liao Min, Ye Zhaojin, Lü Ting. 2017. Cd concentrations in two low cd accumulating varieties of rice and their relationships with soil cd content and their regulation under field conditions[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 33(8): 748−754 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[11]	Li Chuanfei, Li Tingxuan, Zhang Xizhou, Yu Haiying, Zhang Lu. 2017. Stabilization characteristics of cadmium in some typical agricultural soils[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 36(1): 85−92 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[12]	Li Jining, Hou Hong, Wei Yuan, Xu Yafei, Li Fasheng. 2013. Bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil from Zhuzhou, China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 26(10): 1139−1146 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[13]	Li W L, Xu B B, Song Q J, Liu X M, Xu J M, Philip C B. 2014. The identification of ‘hotspots’ of heavy metal pollution in soil–rice systems at a regional scale in eastern China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 472: 407−420. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.046 CrossRef Google Scholar
[14]	Liao Q L, Liu C, Wu H Y, Jin Y, Hua M, Zhu B W, Chen K, Huang L. 2015. Association of soil cadmium contamination with ceramic industry: A case study in a Chinese town[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 514: 26−32. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.084 CrossRef Google Scholar
[15]	Liao Qilin, Hua Ming, Jin Yang, Huang Shunsheng, Zhu Baiwan, Weng Zhihua, Pan Yongmin. 2009. A preliminary study of the distribution and pollution source of heavy metals in soils of Jiangsu Province[J]. Geology in China, 36(5): 1163−1174 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[16]	Liao Qilin, Liu Cong, Cai Yuman, Zhu Baiwan, Wang Cheng, Hua Ming, Jin Yang. 2013. A preliminary study of element bioconcentration factor within milled rice and wheat meal in some typical areas of Jiangsu Province[J]. Geology in China, 40(1): 330−339 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[17]	Liao Qilin, Liu Cong, Wang Yi, Jin Yang, Zhu Baiwan, Ren Jinghua, Cao Lei. 2015. Geochemical characteristics of rice uptake of cadmium and its main controlling factors: A case study of the Suxichang (Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou) typical area[J]. Geology in China, 42(5): 1621−1632 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[18]	Liu Daorong, Zhou Yi. 2020. Speciation characteristics and bioavailability of cadmium in paddy soils, western Zhejiang Province[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 44(5): 1239−1244 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[19]	Lu Xinzhe, Gu Anqing, Zhang Yanwu, Kang Zhanjun, Chu Xianyao, Hu Xuefeng. 2019. Sources and risk assessment of heavy metal in agricultural soils based on the environmental geochemical baselines[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 56(2): 408−419 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[20]	Luo W X, Ma J W, Khan M A, Liao S Y, Ruan Z B, Liu H, Zhong B, Zhu Y W, Duan L L, Fu L Q, Huang Q Y, Ye Z Q, Liu D. 2020. Cadmium accumulation in rice and its bioavailability in paddy soil with application of silicon fertilizer under different water management regimes[J]. Soil Use and Management, 37(2): 299−306. Google Scholar
[21]	Luo Yao, Chen Xiaomin, Liu Wei, Jing Feng, Yu Qingxin, Xu Yanling. 2019. Effects of organic fertilizer addition on soil nutrients and cadmium availability in cadmium–contaminated paddy soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 50(6): 1471−1477 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[22]	Rao Z X, Huang D Y, Wu J S, Zhu Q H, Zhu H H, Xu C, Xiong J, Wang H, Duan M M. 2018. Distribution and availability of cadmium in profile and aggregates of a paddy soil with 30–year fertilization and its impact on Cd accumulation in rice plant[J]. Environmental Pollution, 239: 198−204. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.024 CrossRef Google Scholar
[23]	Tang Shiqi, Yang Zheng, Ma Honghong, Guo Fei, Yang Ke, Liu Fei, Peng Min, Li Kuo, Liu Xiujin. 2020. Study on factors affecting soil cadmium bioavailability in soil in karst area[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 39(6): 1221−1229 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[24]	Trojanowski P, Trojanowski J, Antonowicz J. 2010. Lead and cadmium content in human hair in Central Pomerania (Northern Poland)[J]. Journal of Elementology, 15(2): 363−384. Google Scholar
[25]	USEPA. 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, vol. I: Human Health Evaluation Manual[R]. Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 15–28. Google Scholar
[26]	Wang Shuang, Li Ronghua, Zhang Zengqiang, Feng Jing, Shen Feng. 2014. Assessment of the heavy metal pollution and potential ecological hazardous in agricultural soils and crops of Tongguan, Shaanxi Province[J]. China Environmental Science, 34(9): 2313−2320 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[27]	Wei Xiaoliao, Mou Li, Fu Tianling, Li Xiangying, He Tengbing, He Ji, Teng Lang. 2019. Effcts of passivator on Cd absorption and accumulation and yield of rice as affected by its combination[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 56(4): 883−894 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[28]	Wu Jiaqi, Huang Yunxiang, Yin Lichu, Liang Yuwen, Huang Ling, Xiang Yanyan, Shi Qiang. 2020. Effect of long–term straw returning and groundwater level on cadmium accumulation and availability in soils[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 39(9): 1957−1963 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[29]	Xie Yunhe, Ji Xionghui, Tian Faxiang, Wu Jiamei, Liu Zhaobing, Guang Di. 2017. Effect of passivator on Cd uptaking of rice in different Cd pollution characteristics paddy soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 11(2): 1242−1250 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[30]	Xiong Jie, Zhu Qihong, Huang Daoyou, Zhu Hanhua, Xu Chao, Wang Shuai, Wang Hui. 2018. Comparison of single extraction methods for assessing Cd availability in paddy soils in South China[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 39(1): 170−177 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[31]	Yan Shihong, Wu Chunfa, Hu Youbiao, Li Zhenxuan, Lu Qingsong, Chen Shu, Yang Quanjun. 2013. Optimization of CaCl₂ extraction of available cadmium in typical soils[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 29(9): 99−104 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[32]	Yang Yang, Peng Yemian, Wang Ying, Li Fangbai, Liu Tongxu. 2019. Surface complexation model of Cd in paddy soil and its validation with bioavailability[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 64(33): 3449−3457 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[33]	Yu H Y, Liu C P, Zhu J S, Li F B, Deng D M, Wang Q, Liu C S. 2016. Cadmium availability in rice paddy fields from a mining area: The effects of soil properties highlighting iron fractions and pH value[J]. Environmental Pollution, 209: 38−45. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.021 CrossRef Google Scholar
[34]	Yue Cong, Wang Qunhui, Yuan Li, Liu Yangsheng. 2015. Assessment of heavy metal contaminated soils from the lead–zinc mine by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 51(1): 109−115 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[35]	Zhang Wenmin, Jiang Xiaoshan, Wu Ming, Shao Xuexin, Zhou Bin. 2014. Spatial heterogeneity of soil organic carbon on the south coast of Hangzhou Bay[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 51(5): 1087−1095 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[36]	Zhang Ying, Wu Ping, Sun Qingye, Sun Qian, Wang Yu, Wang Shenqiang, Wang Yujun. 2020. Effect of long–term application of biochar on Cd adsorption and bioavailability in farmland soils[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 39(5): 1019−1025 (in Chinese with English abstract). Google Scholar
[37]	Zhao Y T, Liu M D, Guo L, Yang D, He N, Ying B, Wang Y J. 2020. Influence of silicon on cadmium availability and cadmium uptake by rice in acid and alkaline paddy soils[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20: 2343−2353. doi: 10.1007/s11368-020-02597-0 CrossRef Google Scholar
[38]	Zhu Jinqi, Liao Qilin, Hao Shefeng, Xu Weiwei. 2018. Key Technology to Monitor and Cure and Prevent Soil Pollution in the Farmland[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 162–169 (in Chinese). Google Scholar
[39]	鲍丽然, 邓海, 贾中民, 李瑜, 董金秀, 严明书, 张风雷. 2020. 重庆秀山西北部农田土壤重金属生态健康风险评价[J]. 中国地质, 47(6): 1625−1636. doi: 10.12029/gc20200602 CrossRef Google Scholar
[40]	曹胜, 周卫军, 罗思颖, 周雨舟, 谭洁, 段群涛. 2017. 酸碱度调节剂对稻田土壤中有效态镉的影响研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 33(30): 97−102. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16120051 CrossRef Google Scholar
[41]	鄂倩, 赵玉杰, 刘潇威, 李志涛, 张闯闯, 孙杨, 周其文, 梁学峰, 王海华. 2020. 不同土壤镉提取方法预测稻米富集镉性能评估[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 39(5): 1000−1009. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2020-0256 CrossRef Google Scholar
[42]	和君强, 刘代欢, 邓林, 常海伟, 秦华, 殷志遥. 2017. 农田土壤镉生物有效性及暴露评估研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 12(6): 69−82. doi: 10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20161019001 CrossRef Google Scholar
[43]	侯林, 林金兰, 贾彦龙, 邢丹, 孙嘉龙, 宁增平, 江南, 刘小龙, 李廷婷, 王宗虎, 解冉. 2019. 土壤Cd生物有效性及其调控措施研究进展[J]. 地球科学前沿, 9(9): 823−838. Google Scholar
[44]	黄界颍, 武修远, 佟影影, 曹森, 高越, 杨卉艳. 2020. 小麦秸秆还田量对土壤Cd有效性及水稻Cd亚细胞分布的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 39(7): 1503−1511. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2020-0051 CrossRef Google Scholar
[45]	黄永春, 张长波, 任兴华, 王培培, 王常荣, 刘仲齐. 2020. 土壤和茎基部镉含量对稻米镉污染风险的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 39(5): 989−999. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2020-0294 CrossRef Google Scholar
[46]	黄宇, 廖敏, 叶照金, 吕婷. 2017. 两种低镉积累水稻镉含量与土壤镉的剂量−效应关系及调控[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 33(8): 748−754. doi: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.08.011 CrossRef Google Scholar
[47]	李传飞, 李廷轩, 张锡洲, 余海英, 张路. 2017. 外源镉在几种典型农耕土壤中的稳定化特征[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 36(1): 85−92. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2016-1025 CrossRef Google Scholar
[48]	李继宁, 侯红, 魏源, 许亚飞, 李发生. 2013. 株洲市农田土壤重金属生物可给性及其人体健康风险评估[J]. 环境科学研究, 26(10): 1139−1146. Google Scholar
[49]	廖启林, 华明, 金洋, 黄顺生, 朱伯万, 翁志华, 潘永敏. 2009. 江苏省土壤重金属分布特征与污染源初步研究[J]. 中国地质, 36(5): 1163−1174. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2009.05.020 CrossRef Google Scholar
[50]	廖启林, 刘聪, 蔡玉曼, 朱伯万, 王成, 华明, 金洋. 2013. 江苏典型地区水稻与小麦籽实中元素生物富集系数(BCF)初步研究[J]. 中国地质, 40(1): 330−339. Google Scholar
[51]	廖启林, 刘聪, 王轶, 金洋, 朱伯万, 任静华, 曹磊. 2015. 水稻吸收Cd的地球化学控制因素研究—以苏锡常典型区为例[J]. 中国地质, 42(5): 1621−1632. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2015.05.029 CrossRef Google Scholar
[52]	刘道荣, 周漪. 2020. 浙西水田土壤镉形态与有效性研究[J]. 物探与化探, 44(5): 1239−1244. Google Scholar
[53]	卢新哲, 谷安庆, 张言午, 康占军, 褚先尧, 胡雪峰. 2019. 基于环境地球化学基线的农用地重金属累积特征及其潜在生态危害风险研究[J]. 土壤学报, 56(2): 408−419. doi: 10.11766/trxb201804120050 CrossRef Google Scholar
[54]	罗遥, 陈效民, 刘巍, 景峰, 喻清鑫, 徐艳玲. 2019. 有机肥添加对镉污染稻田土壤养分及镉有效性的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 50(6): 1471−1477. Google Scholar
[55]	唐世琪, 杨峥, 马宏宏, 郭飞, 杨柯, 刘飞, 彭敏, 李括, 刘秀金. 2020. 岩溶区土壤镉生物有效性影响因素研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 39(6): 1221−1229. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2019-1370 CrossRef Google Scholar
[56]	王爽, 李荣华, 张增强, 冯静, 沈锋. 2014. 陕西潼关农田土壤及农作物重金属污染及潜在风险[J]. 中国环境科学, 34(9): 2313−2320. Google Scholar
[57]	韦小了, 牟力, 付天岭, 李相楹, 何腾兵, 何季, 滕浪. 2019. 不同钝化剂组合对水稻各部位吸收积累Cd及产量的影响[J]. 土壤学报, 56(4): 883−894. doi: 10.11766/trxb201810120516 CrossRef Google Scholar
[58]	吴佳琪, 黄运湘, 尹力初, 梁玉文, 黄玲, 向艳艳, 施强. 2020. 长期秸秆还田和地下水位对土壤镉积累及有效性的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 39(9): 1957−1963. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2020-0486 CrossRef Google Scholar
[59]	谢运河, 纪雄辉, 田发祥, 吴家梅, 刘昭兵, 官迪. 2017. 不同Cd污染特征稻田施用钝化剂对水稻吸收积累Cd的影响[J]. 环境工程学报, 11(2): 1242−1250. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201510041 CrossRef Google Scholar
[60]	熊婕, 朱奇宏, 黄道友, 朱捍华, 许超, 王帅, 王辉. 2018. 南方稻田土壤有效态镉提取方法研究[J]. 农业现代化研究, 39(1): 170−177. Google Scholar
[61]	颜世红, 吴春发, 胡友彪, 李振炫, 卢青松, 陈树, 杨泉军. 2013. 典型土壤中有效态镉CaCl₂提取条件优化研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 29(9): 99−104. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2013.09.018 CrossRef Google Scholar
[62]	杨阳, 彭叶棉, 王莹, 李芳柏, 刘同旭. 2019. 稻田土壤镉的表面络合模型及其生物有效性验证[J]. 科学通报, 64(33): 3449−3457. Google Scholar
[63]	岳聪, 汪群慧, 袁丽, 刘阳生. 2015. TCLP法评价铅锌尾矿库土壤重金属污染: 浸提剂的选择及其重金属形态的关系[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 51(1): 109−115. Google Scholar
[64]	张文敏, 姜小三, 吴明, 邵学新, 周斌. 2014. 杭州湾南岸土壤有机质空间变异性研究[J]. 土壤学报, 51(5): 1087−1095. Google Scholar
[65]	张莹, 吴萍, 孙庆业, 孙倩, 汪玉, 王慎强, 王玉军. 2020. 长期施用生物炭对土壤中Cd吸附及生物有效性的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 39(5): 1019−1025. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2020-0056 CrossRef Google Scholar
[66]	朱锦旗, 廖启林, 郝社锋, 许伟伟. 2018. 耕地污染监测与防治关键技术研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 162–169. Google Scholar