ZHANG Junfeng, XU Hao, ZHAO Junlong, REN Pengfei. 2018. Geological characteristics and exploration potential of oil and gas in the northeast area of China[J]. Geology in China, 45(2): 260-273. doi: 10.12029/gc20180204
Citation: ZHANG Junfeng, XU Hao, ZHAO Junlong, REN Pengfei. 2018. Geological characteristics and exploration potential of oil and gas in the northeast area of China[J]. Geology in China, 45(2): 260-273. doi: 10.12029/gc20180204

Geological characteristics and exploration potential of oil and gas in the northeast area of China

    Fund Project: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1703126)
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  • Author Bio: ZHANG Junfeng, male, born in 1971, doctor, senior engineer, engages in research on oil and gas geology; E-mail: zhangjunfeng@petrochina.com.cn
  • There are more than 50 basins in northeastern China with different sizes. The relatively large basins include Songliao Basin, Erlian Basin, Hailar Basin and 5 cross-border basins. The potential of oil and gas resources in Northeast China is huge, the oil and gas reserves increase significantly, but there still exists the difficulty in continuous increasing of oil and gas production and stability of production. Based on the analysis of the evolution of the tectonic and sedimentary paleogeography in Northeast China, this paper summarizes the differential development characteristics of the reservoirs under the synergetic action of tectonics and sedimentation in Northeast China. Combined with the practice of exploration, aimed at solving the existing problems in oil and gas exploration and focusing on the thought of new area and new strata, the authors put forward the directions of oil and gas exploration in northeastern China, which include the fine exploration of middle and shallow oil and gas in the central depression of Songliao Basin, the exploration of deep volcanic hydrocarbon exploration in the south of Songliao Basin, western slope and north end of Songliao Basin oil and gas, the exploration of Paleozoic oil and gas in Northeast China, the exploration of oil and gas in the Dasanjiang Basin, and the exploration of shale oil and oil shale resources in northeastern China. These suggests provide a scientific basis for the future exploration and deployment of oil and gas resources in Northeast China.

  • 近年来,随着国民经济的迅速发展,中国石油天然气的供需缺口逐步增大,亟需加大油气勘探力度,提高对经济发展的保障程度(乔德武等,2011贾承造等, 2012, 2016张明功,2012胡文瑞等,2013)。东北地区是中国重要的石油天然气生产基地,多年来一直作为国内主力油气供应区,在中国油气构成中占据十分重要的位置(任战利等,2010)。其中,大庆油田石油产量曾长期居国内各油田之首(张凤旭等,2011)。2000年以前,东北地区石油产量一直占据中国石油产量的半壁江山(周妍,2007)。从2000年开始,石油产量逐渐下降。2007年跌破5000×104 t,近年来维持在4000×104 t左右(武魏楠,2014)。然而,东北地区针对新领域的油气开发成绩可喜,有效弥补了松辽盆地油气产量逐年下降的趋势(姜文利,2009贾承造等,2010张兴洲等,2011)。松辽盆地东南隆起上的梨树断陷秦家屯油气田2010年累计探明天然气、石油地质储量分别为24.63×108 m3、1313×104 t,西南隆起上的科尔沁、交力格油田,累计探明石油地质储量分别为5116.5×104 t、455×104 t。松辽盆地外围的二连盆地至2010年石油产量为90.8×104 t,累计探明储量2.87×108 t;海拉尔盆地2010年累计探明地质储量约2.5×108 t,产量为60.5×104 t;彰武盆地的科尔康油田探明地质储量408×104 t,2010年产油0.4×104 t(张抗等,2013)。同时针对东北地区烃源岩、沉积构造演化的研究指明了油气勘探开发的前景。松辽盆地肇源、长岭地区上古生界烃源岩为后期深埋藏型,存在二次生烃,为上古生界有效烃源岩主要分布区,对天然气资源有贡献(李艳等,2013)。针对汤原断陷白垩纪沉积相带研究发现,该区烃源岩发育,能够提供充足的油气来源;在城子河期和穆棱期发育有三角洲和湖底扇砂体,表明该区具有较好的生油和储集条件。同时, 在依兰断隆达连河煤矿区发现具有重要经济价值的油页岩;虎林盆地发育大量的煤系地层,煤系烃源岩丰富(贾承造等,2010)。然而,目前东北地区油气上产、稳产难度逐年加大,已经难以满足国民经济的发展需求(张抗,2012张功成等,2014)。因此,基于东北地区油气勘探开发现状,系统分析东北地区油气地质特征,从而寻求未来油气勘探领域,加强东北地区油气资源开发,将对东北地区老工业基地振兴,打开油气开发新局面具有重要意义。

    东北含油气区地跨黑龙江省和吉林省全部、内蒙古自治区东部及辽宁省北部,南部界限以北纬42°线,西部界限为东经112°线,东部和北部分别以国界线为界,面积约为120×104 km2窦立荣,1992李国玉等,2002)。东北地区发育50多个盆地,且规模大小不一,较大的盆地有松辽、二连、海拉尔盆地等,同时包括5个跨境盆地(图 1)。

    图 1.  东北地区地理位置与主要含油气盆地(李国玉等,2002
    Figure 1.  Location and main oil and gas basins in northeastern China (after Li Guoyu et al., 2002)

    东北地区地处西伯利亚、华北和太平洋三大板块所夹持的区域,经历了古生代陆块汇聚和中—新生代大陆边缘构造的叠加与转换过程(图 2图 3)(田在艺等,1997马莉等, 1999; 李双林等,1998谯汉生等,2002Wu et al., 2002张兴洲,2015)。

    图 2.  东北地区主要地块构造演化(李双林等,1998
    Figure 2.  Tectonic evolution of the main lands in northeastern China (after Li Shuanglin et al., 1998)
    图 3.  东北地区中、新生代滨太平洋构造域构造演化及三大断裂系统形成示意(谯汉生等,2002
    Figure 3.  Tectonic evolution and formation of three fault systems in Mesozoic to Cenozoic period in northeastern China near the Pacific Ocean tectonic zone (after Qiao Hansheng et al., 2002)

    新元古代至晚古生代构造演化为中小板块拼合、统一的佳蒙地块形成的过程(图 4)(刘永江等,2010; 张兴洲等,2012)。早中泥盆世为佳木斯—松嫩—锡林浩特微板块向额尔古纳—兴安微板块俯冲阶段,部分地区沉积了碎屑岩和凝灰质碎屑岩组合。晚泥盆世兴安海槽(大兴安岭与佳木斯之间)抬升,板块逐渐拼合,大兴安岭逐步形成,由西向东海水逐渐加深,沉积由陆相过渡为海相沉积。早石炭世,经泥盆世末的短暂上升后,东北板块遭受海侵,成为广海环境,沉积了碳酸盐物质。中晚石炭世,地壳逐渐抬升,至晚石炭世中后期,地壳沉降,额尔古纳隆起和佳木斯隆起处于陆源环境,完达山地区处于比较稳定的浅海环境。

    图 4.  东北地区晚泥盆世—早古近纪岩相古地理(田在艺等,1997
    Figure 4.  Lithofacies paleogeography of late Devonian to early Paleogene period in northeastern China (after Tian Zaiyi et al., 1997)

    早二叠世早期,地壳断陷活动强,海底火山喷发,形成中性火山岩,夹碳酸盐岩,反映出明显的拉张裂陷活动;晚期为开阔的深浅海沉积环境。早二叠世末—晚二叠世,进入挤压收缩与造山作用时期,兴安—延边的海槽褶皱隆起,形成一系列的内陆盆地。晚二叠世末,古亚洲洋洋盆完全闭合,成为陆相沉积环境,形成巨厚陆相碎屑岩及粗碎屑、火山岩沉积组合。整体来看,石炭—二叠系具有东北地区最为广泛的海相和陆相沉积。三叠纪,整个东北地区主要以剥蚀区为主。

    早中侏罗世形成的断陷盆地初期堆积了以粗碎屑为主的洪积冲积物和火山碎屑岩,随后地壳活动减弱,沉积盆地扩大,形成有利于煤层发育的湖沼地区。侏罗纪晚期—晚侏罗世,盆地多为半地堑式的断陷盆地,盆地内部以粗碎屑岩为主的岩性单元形成一系列叠置的楔形体,反映小型三角洲的特征。在深湖相的沉积中心,常有含煤或有机物质的细质岩层。晚侏罗世末—早白垩世早期,断裂继续发展,早白垩世晚期中浅层构造开始发育,进一步裂陷形成断陷盆地;中白垩世,断陷盆地持续沉降,松辽盆地面积达到最大。晚白垩世时期,松辽湖盆面积较大,沉积了有机物特别丰富的砂泥岩。早古近纪,形成一系列断陷盆地,如梅河、舒兰、桦甸、敦化等。在这些断陷盆地中,沉积物快速堆积,形成了巨厚的含煤和油页岩的砂泥质沉积。

    东北地区油气种类繁多,石油、天然气、煤层气、页岩油(气)、油页岩、油砂等均在不同盆地有所发现(张抗,2013)。目前主要包括5套油气勘探层系:(1)松辽盆地白垩系,该层系是目前油气生产的主力层系,已经进入油气稳产阶段后期;(2)下白垩统的断陷层系,该层系仅在松辽、二连、海拉尔等盆地发现油气田,油气生产处于勘探开发高潮期;(3)以断陷为主体的下—中侏罗统,该层系有待探索,可能在白垩系(甚至上侏罗统火山岩)覆盖下保存;(4)晚古生代地层;(5)东部的新生界断陷富煤和油页岩地层。

    在构造与沉积的协同作用下,现今以嫩江断裂、佳木斯—伊通断裂为界的西部、中部和东部盆地群形成(图 5表 1),进一步控制了东北地区不同的油气成藏条件。西部断裂系统控制了各次级断陷的含油气系统及其油气藏的形成与演化。中部断裂系统不仅控制了主要油气藏的分布,且对油气藏的形成演化具有重要控制作用。东部断裂系统控制的盆地规模相对较小,形成时间晚,沉降幅度有限,因此其成藏规模小(周建波等,2009罗群,2010)。

    图 5.  东北地区含油气盆地构造格局(周建波等,2009
    Figure 5.  Structural framework of oil and gas basins in northeastern China (after Zhou Jinbo et al., 2009)
    表 1.  中国东北地区不同断裂系统控盆控烃控藏差异比较(罗群,2010
    Table 1.  Comparison of different basin/reservoir-controlling faults in northeastern China (after Luo Qun, 2010)
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    东北地区生储盖组合的差异主要体现在:松辽盆地中浅部包含3套生储盖组合(下部、中部、上部),主要发育在长垣与斜坡区,3套组合纵向上叠置发育,平面上展现满凹含油的趋势。其成藏组合类型包括:下部上生下储型成藏组合(青山口组、泉头组);中部自生自储型成藏组合(青一、二段)、中部下生上储型成藏组合(青三段、姚家组);上部下生上储型成藏组合(嫩江组)(图 6)。深部层系包含3套成藏组合,主要发育在盆地的东部和东南部。其成藏组合类型包括:坳陷期下生上储型成藏组合(泉一段、登娄库组:碎屑岩);断陷期自生自储型成藏组合(营城组:酸性火山岩、沉火山碎屑岩,沙河子组:碎屑岩,火石岭组:中基性火山岩);基岩上生下储型成藏组合(基底:花岗岩、碳酸盐岩、浅变质岩)(图 6)。二连盆地油气藏生、储、盖层均为下白垩统。三江盆地以下白垩统穆棱组、城子河组为主要的烃源岩。

    图 6.  松辽盆地南部中浅部和深部综合柱状图
    Figure 6.  Comprehensive histograms of middle-shallow and deep strata in southern Songliao Basin

    东北地区石油资源主要分布在松辽、二连、海拉尔、依兰—伊通、彰武盆地,其中致密油主要分布在松辽盆地,地质储量占盆地原油储量的17%。东北地区石油资源主要分布在白垩系,占东北地区地质储量的98.3%,新近系、侏罗系、古生界、前寒武系也发现了少量油气资源。天然气资源主要分布在松辽、依兰伊通、延吉盆地,其中火山岩气藏主要分布在松辽盆地占盆地天然地质储量的78%(表 2)。截至2015年年底,东北地区探明石油地质资源量843366.73×104 t,可采储量316122.84×104 t,探明天然气地质资源量4791.67×108 m3,可采储量2284.32× 108 m3,分别较2011年增加了50%和51%,油气地质资源量大幅增长主要由于油气理论创新和勘查技术的进步(表 2)。

    表 2.  2015年底东北地区探明原油储量累计数据
    Table 2.  Accumulated data of proved oil reserves in the northeastern China at the end of 2015
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    在产量方面,东北地区松辽盆地石油年产量为4254.86×104 t,占东北地区原油总产量的95.9%,天然气年产量31.39×108 m3,占东北地区天然气总产量的98.8%,约80%为火山岩气藏的贡献(表 2)。此外,东北地区还有资源潜力巨大的非常规油气,如页岩油气、致密砂岩气、煤层气等,但目前勘探程度较低。

    松辽盆地油气勘探区主要分为中央坳陷带、西部斜坡区、北部倾没区、东北隆起区、东南隆起区和西南隆起区(图 7),其中,中央坳陷带是当前油气勘探开发程度最高、最为成熟的地区。未来针对该地区主要需要在两个方面进行深化,一是深化松辽盆地中央坳陷带中浅层石油精细勘探;二是深化松辽盆地南部深层油气勘探。目前松辽盆地中央坳陷区中浅层油气勘探存在的主要问题是油水关系复杂,小断层、微幅度构造、有效圈闭识别难,同时,砂体薄,分布零散,隐蔽性强,所以,精细源岩、精细构造、精细沉积、精细储层、精细成藏研究成为该区未来勘探的重点。火山口的识别、优势岩相岩性识别,圈闭有效性评价是深部油气勘探需要深入研究的问题,此外,气藏富集规律和储层成藏物性下限还需要进一步研究,储层甜点预测精度需进一步提高。所以,对于深层油气勘探工作重点应开展精细烃源岩评价,明确有利烃源岩平面分布区;精细火山岩、碎屑岩储层评价;有利断陷评价,精细落实有利突破目标。

    图 7.  松辽盆地油气田分布示意图(冯志强等,2011
    Figure 7.  Distribution of oil and gas fields in the Songliao Basin (after Feng Zhiqiang et al., 2011)

    受多种因素影响,松辽盆地的西斜坡和北部倾末端勘探程度较低,亟需深入开展研究工作。松辽盆地西部斜坡东起泰康隆起带东界,西至盆地边界,北起齐齐哈尔以北,南以西南隆起区为界,勘探面积约4.3×104 km2,至今已发现多个油气田。然而,该区是一个上白垩统、古近系超覆带,面积大,反转构造不发育,储层埋藏浅,圈闭落实程度低,目标优选难。未来可借鉴渤海湾盆地斜坡勘探经验,加强关键成藏条件研究,在细分层序基础上明确有利储盖组合,开展古地理等全面系统的工作,寻找可能含油层系。

    松辽盆地北部倾没区是指哈尔滨至满洲里铁路以北的广大地区,面积7.9×104 km2。目前,在绥化凹陷的D5井扶余油层获天然气3.06×104 m3/d,在营城组三段玄武岩中压裂的DS1井获日产8382 m3,其余14口井气见微量气流,28口井见油气显示,表明该区具有良好的油气勘探前景;但绥棱背斜带R8井扶余、杨大城子、泉一段油层日产气却不超过500 m3。原因在于滨洲线断裂阻隔了有效烃源岩供烃,且储层致密,油气成藏条件复杂,勘探潜力需要进一步认识。未来应加强成藏要素,尤其是烃源条件精细评价,勘探要坚持从南向北,从近源到远源,确定有利勘探层系,开展从单一目的层到多目的层系进行综合评价。

    东北地区古生界具有一定的成藏条件,是未来需要关注的重要领域。前期钻井揭示出松辽盆地上古生界石炭—二叠系发育多套烃源岩,有机质成熟度为2.05%~7.6%,具有有机质丰度高、热演化程度高的特点,已证实是较好的气源岩(任战利等, 2006, 赵志魁等,2011李艳等,2013逯晓喻等,2013)。围绕这一领域需开展两个方面的研究工作:一方面,寻找新生古储型成藏组合(图 8),即查明风化壳和内幕两种不同类型的储层特征和有效圈闭构成,综合评价优选有利目标;开展针对性的地震处理,提高地震成像精度,搞清地质结构,岩性、断裂分布等,进行综合评价;系统开展古生代基底调查,成藏配置条件研究;寻找两个主力生烃洼陷中间的小凸起、低凸起、低隆起。另一方面,探索古生代含油气盆地的油气潜力,工作的重点在于针对重点区带(松辽盆地石炭—二叠系)开展二维地震资料重新处理、解释,编制石炭—二叠系主要反射层构造图,进行古生代盆地精细构造演化史分析,恢复古生代盆地原型,刻画生烃洼槽展布;开展盆缘野外地质调查或参数井钻探,对各主要断陷开展烃源岩和资源评价,重点研究石炭—二叠系可能的成藏组合。此外,钻井资料显示海拉尔盆地和二连盆地上古生界均发育较好的烃源岩,应加强成藏条件研究,确定有利的储盖组合(韩春元等,2011)。

    图 8.  松辽盆地基岩成藏模式图
    Figure 8.  Accumulation modes in the bedrocks in the Songliao Basin

    东部大三江盆地群(东部盆地群)属于松辽盆地外围最大的勘探领域,包括10个小型盆地,总面积6.49×104 km2。大三江盆地群实际上是一个构造残留盆地,是在早白垩世原型盆地基础上,经过后期晚白垩世和古近纪、新近纪时期的差异沉降,隆升、改造以后的构造残留盆地。目前,大三江盆地群的油气勘探尚未取得战略性突破,仅在伊通盆地通过野外调查、重磁、参数井等资料的综合研究,评价了该盆地的油气资源潜力(表 3)。主要原因在于前期勘探投入少、研究程度低、存在多方面研究难点,如统一湖盆期沉积地层的发育过程、盆地形成与破坏的构造演化特征、现存盆地油气勘探前景等。未来应该开展东部大三江盆地群原型盆地演化、油气成藏配置方面的研究,重点关注新构造运动对油气成藏的影响。同时,对已发现油气藏重新解剖,开展有利储层发育的主控因素及平面展布规律研究,深化富集条件认识,查明油气藏富集规律,寻找富集区。

    表 3.  伊通盆地烃源岩综合评价特征
    Table 3.  Characteristics of comprehensive source rock evaluation in the Yitong Basin
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    页岩油是指主体位于暗色泥页岩或高碳泥页岩中,分布在海相、过渡相和陆相中的石油资源(金之钧,2012康玉柱等, 2012, 2016; Wright, 2016)。东北地区松辽盆地白垩系发育多套湖相地层,其中嫩江组与青山口组湖相地层具有厚度大,分布范围广,有机质丰度高的特点(国土资源部油气资源战略研究中心,2013;Sun et al., 2015;Hou et al., 2015),使其成为该地区中浅层油气的主要生烃源岩(表 4)。在盆地内钻探的哈14井、古平1井、英12井和哈18井等多口钻井在青山口组泥页岩中获得了工业油流,最高试油压裂产量可达3.7 t/d,表明松辽盆地青山口组泥页岩层具有较现实的页岩油勘探潜力(柳波等,2014薛海涛等,2015黄文彪等,2015李吉君等,2015)。因此,未来东北地区页岩油气的工作重点应该集中力量对松辽盆地北部及南部页岩油进行勘探,与松辽盆地中央坳陷带中浅层石油精细勘探相结合,充分利用已有的资料及经验,探究适合于松辽盆地页岩油的勘探技术。在此基础上,对页岩油勘探程度较低的三江等盆地,依据地质特征制定相应的勘探策略,保证最大限度,最小成本对页岩油实施有效勘探与开发。

    表 4.  松辽盆地北部白垩系页岩油气烃源岩基本地质特征
    Table 4.  Basic geological characteristics of source rock of shale oil and gas in the Cretaceous strata in northern Songliao Basin
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    东北地区油页岩资源非常丰富(Bechte et al., 2012;Jia et al., 2013a, b; ),最新研究结果表明,仅松辽盆地油页岩资源量折算成页岩油就达578.4×108 t,预测有利区集中在长春岭—农安一带(图 9),其中,柳树河盆地油页岩总资源量为340.41×104t(表 5)。当前虽然对地表及浅层油页岩开展了较为详细的资源评价工作,但对于深部油页岩资源的勘探涉及较少。因此,未来的工作重点应该加强深部油页岩资源的勘探,开展深部油页岩资源分布规律研究,优选原位利用有利区,为油页岩资源的原位开采提供资源保障。

    图 9.  松辽盆地油页岩勘探开发有利区预测图(郭东鑫等,2012
    Figure 9.  Predictions of favorable areas for oil shale exploration and development in the Songliao Basin (after Guo Dongxin et al., 2012)
    表 5.  大庆五林油气田油页岩储量(截至2015年12月)
    Table 5.  Oil shale reserve in the Wulin oil and gas field in Daqing(Up to the end of December 2015)
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    (1)东北地区油气资源潜力巨大,油气储量增幅显著,同时面临油气上产、稳产难度仍然持续加大的现实。

    (2)在构造与沉积的协同作用下,东北地区形成了以嫩江断裂、佳木斯—伊通断裂为界的西部、中部和东部盆地群,进一步控制了不同地区的生储盖组合和油气成藏条件差异。

    (3)根据新领域新层系的工作思路,结合区域勘探实践,指出了东北地区油气勘探中存在的问题,提出了未来6个油气勘探方向,包括:松辽盆地中央坳陷带中浅层油气精细勘探,松辽盆地南部深层火山岩油气勘探,松辽盆地西斜坡和北部倾末端油气勘探,东北地区古生界油气勘探,大三江盆地群油气勘探,东北地区页岩油和油页岩资源勘探。

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    • 表 1.  中国东北地区不同断裂系统控盆控烃控藏差异比较(罗群,2010
      Table 1.  Comparison of different basin/reservoir-controlling faults in northeastern China (after Luo Qun, 2010)
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      DownLoad: CSV
    • 表 2.  2015年底东北地区探明原油储量累计数据
      Table 2.  Accumulated data of proved oil reserves in the northeastern China at the end of 2015
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      DownLoad: CSV
    • 表 3.  伊通盆地烃源岩综合评价特征
      Table 3.  Characteristics of comprehensive source rock evaluation in the Yitong Basin
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      DownLoad: CSV
    • 表 4.  松辽盆地北部白垩系页岩油气烃源岩基本地质特征
      Table 4.  Basic geological characteristics of source rock of shale oil and gas in the Cretaceous strata in northern Songliao Basin
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      DownLoad: CSV
    • 表 5.  大庆五林油气田油页岩储量(截至2015年12月)
      Table 5.  Oil shale reserve in the Wulin oil and gas field in Daqing(Up to the end of December 2015)
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      DownLoad: CSV