Nitrate pollution characteristics and identification of nitrate sources in Baotu Spring area of Jinan

ZHANG Hailin; WANG Zhong; LIN Guangqi; XU Yuan; MA Xueying; GUAN Qin

doi:10.11932/karst20220611

2022 No. 6

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ZHANG Hailin, WANG Zhong, LIN Guangqi, XU Yuan, MA Xueying, GUAN Qin. Nitrate pollution characteristics and identification of nitrate sources in Baotu Spring area of Jinan[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2022, 41(6): 998-1006. doi: 10.11932/karst20220611

Citation:

ZHANG Hailin, WANG Zhong, LIN Guangqi, XU Yuan, MA Xueying, GUAN Qin. Nitrate pollution characteristics and identification of nitrate sources in Baotu Spring area of Jinan[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2022, 41(6): 998-1006. doi: 10.11932/karst20220611

Nitrate pollution characteristics and identification of nitrate sources in Baotu Spring area of Jinan

1.
801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
2.
Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China

Received Date: 23 September 2021

Publish Date: 25 December 2022

Abstract

Abstract

Under the control of the topography and the geologic structure, karst water in Baotu Spring of Jinan City is supplied in the southern mountain area, and flows from south to north along the karst fractures. In front of the northern mountain, karst water runoff is blocked by the hidden igneous rock mass. Therefore, many famous springs have been formed. Karst is developed in the spring area with the aquifer lithology of primary Cambrian and Ordovician limestone. The geological structure of this area is complex with low mountains in the south and the piedmont sloping plain in the north.
In recent years, with the rapid development of industry and agriculture, activities such as industrial production, agricultural planting and domestic waste discharge have led to different degrees of pollution of karst water in Jinan. Among these different types of pollution, the surface pollution caused by nitrate, one of the main pollutants in the spring area, is more prominent and related to the safety of water environment and local people's health. In order to effectively identify the sources of nitrate pollution, prevent the pollution, and ensure the safety of local drinking water, we carried out the accurate qualitative and quantitative identification of nitrate pollution sources in this study, according to the traditional water chemical analysis, the values of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes and the quantitative source analysis model.
Based on the systematic hydrogeological analysis of Baotu Spring in Jinan, we collected 21 groups of nitrate samples of karst water, 14 groups of nitrogen and oxygen isotope samples, 2 groups of sewage isotope samples and 1 group of isotope samples for atmospheric precipitation from the end of May to the beginning of June, 2016. According to the analysis of test data, the nitrate concentration presents a large degree of dispersion in spatial distribution, with a coefficient of variation of 80%, which shows that the nitrate concentration is greatly affected by hydrogeological conditions and human activities.
Because nitrates from different sources have different δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values, combined with the investigation of pollution sources, the main sources of nitrate pollution in karst water in the study area are animal manure and sewage, soil organic nitrogen, and NH $_4^{+}$ < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M007.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M006.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M004.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M003.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M002.png'/ > in chemical fertilizers. The contribution rate of each pollution source is calculated quantitatively by IsoSource model. Results show that the contribution rate of animal manure and sewage sources is the largest, with an average of 51.07%, followed by soil organic nitrogen and NH $_4^{+}$ < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M007.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M006.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M004.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M003.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M002.png'/ > in chemical fertilizers, with an average of 25.21% and 23.71% respectively. The study shows that human activities are the main factor of nitrate increase in karst water of this area. The nitrate sources in the east and west of the study area are obviously different. Nitrate in the eastern region mainly comes from animal manure and sewage, with an average of 61.5% occupying more than 50% of the sample. The proportion of NH $_4^{+}$ < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M007.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M006.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M004.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M003.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M002.png'/ > sources in soil organic nitrogen and chemical fertilizers is relatively small, with an average proportion of 24.33% and 14.16% respectively. The main sources of nitrate in the western region are animal manure and sewage, but the proportion of NH $_4^{+}$ < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M007.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M006.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M004.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M003.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M002.png'/ > sources in fertilizers is increasing. In southwest mountainous area, the average proportion of soil organic nitrogen is 46%, and the proportion of chemical fertilizer is relatively small. But due to the intensive agricultural cultivation in the piedmont area, more use of chemical fertilizers results in the increasing proportion (an average of 36.2%) of NH $_4^{+}$ < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M007.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M006.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M004.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M003.png'/ > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='zhanghailin_M002.png'/ > sources in fertilizers. From south to north, the source of soil organic nitrogen has been gradually transformed into the source of chemical fertilizers in the piedmont plain.
- nitrate /
- nitrogen and oxygen isotopes /
- karst water /
- Baotu Spring area

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References

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